Table 3 Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between dog breed groups and CVD outcomes in the National cohort using Cox proportional hazards regression with attained age as time-scale.
From: Dog ownership and the risk of cardiovascular disease and death – a nationwide cohort study
Breed Groups | Composite Cardiovascular Disease1 | All-Cause Mortality | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude HR2 | Adjusted HR3 | Crude HR2 | Adjusted HR3 | |
Sheep and cattle dogs | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) | 0.76 (0.73–0.80) | 0.84 (0.80–0.88) |
Pinscher and schnauzer dogs | 0.91 (0.87–0.95) | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) | 0.68 (0.64–0.72) | 0.78 (0.74–0.82) |
Terriers | 0.88 (0.84–0.92) | 0.95 (0.91–0.99) | 0.70 (0.67–0.74) | 0.81 (0.78–0.86) |
Dachshunds | 0.88 (0.83–0.93) | 0.94 (0.89–1.00) | 0.67 (0.63–0.71) | 0.76 (0.72–0.81) |
Spitz and primitive types | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) | 0.98 (0.94–1.03) | 0.68 (0.65–0.72) | 0.72 (0.68–0.76) |
Scent hounds and related dogs | 0.90 (0.86–0.95) | 0.93 (0.88–0.97) | 0.58 (0.55–0.62) | 0.63 (0.60–0.67) |
Pointing dogs | 0.84 (0.77–0.93) | 0.90 (0.82–1.00) | 0.52 (0.46–0.59) | 0.60 (0.53–0.68) |
Retrievers | 0.83 (0.80–0.86) | 0.90 (0.87–0.94) | 0.63 (0.60–0.66) | 0.74 (0.71–0.77) |
Companion and toy dogs | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | 1.04 (1.01–1.08) | 0.77 (0.74–0.80) | 0.85 (0.82–0.89) |
Sight hounds | 0.97 (0.83–1.14) | 1.02 (0.87–1.18) | 0.76 (0.64–0.90) | 0.83 (0.70–0.99) |
Mixed Pedigree4 | 1.12 (1.08–1.16) | 1.13 (1.09–1.17) | 0.93 (0.90–0.97) | 0.98 (0.94–1.01) |
