Table 1 Discrete parameters for the analysis of maximum speed sprinting.

From: Elite long jumpers with below the knee prostheses approach the board slower, but take-off more effectively than non-amputee athletes

 

Long jumpers without amputations

Long jumpers with BKA

Mean

SD

Min

Max

P1 (7.96 m)

P2 (7.38 m)

P3 (6.43 m)

UL

AL

Mean

UL

AL

Mean

UL

AL

Mean

Maximum speed (m/s)

10.15

(0.42)

9.46

10.64

—

—

9.98

—

—

9.27

—

—

8.89

Stance averaged vertical GRF (BW)

2.24

(0.05)

2.14

2.29

2.39

2.17

2.28

2.37

2.11

2.24

2.34

1.82

2.08

Vertical impulse (BWs)

0.22

(0.01)

0.21

0.24

0.23

0.21

0.22

0.29

0.22

0.25

0.25

0.22

0.23

Step frequency (Hz)

4.45

(0.24)

4.10

4.72

—

—

4.34

—

—

3.85

—

—

—

Contact time (ms)

99

(7)

93

112

98

98

98

124

102

113

105

121

113

Contact length (m)

0.89

(0.07)

0.81

1.03

0.86

0.80

0.83

0.83

0.81

0.82

—

—

—

Swing time (s)

349

(18)

330

374

358

363

360

391

396

393

—

—

—

Negative work hip joint (J/kg)

0.87

(0.12)

0.73

1.02

1.32

0.25

0.79

1.03

0.10

0.57

—

—

—

Positive work hip joint (J/kg)

0.85

(0.24)

0.69

1.32

2.19

1.20

1.70

1.47

1.30

1.39

—

—

—

Negative work knee joint (J/kg)

0.56

(0.17)

0.35

0.87

1.24

0.19

0.72

1.00

0.14

0.57

—

—

—

Positive work knee joint (J/kg)

0.25

(0.11)

0.13

0.44

0.16

0.10

0.13

0.20

0.05

0.13

—

—

—

Negative work below knee joints (J/kg)

2.17

(0.23)

1.94

2.54

1.94

1.54

1.74

2.42

1.60

2.01

—

—

—

Positive work below knee joints (J/kg)

1.79

(0.16)

1.56

1.98

1.55

1.48

1.52

1.65

1.41

1.53

—

—

—

  1. Stride frequency in athletes with BKA was calculated from complete stride cycles (including steps with the affected and unaffected legs). Stride frequency was then multiplied by two in order to calculate average step frequency. Kinematic data during sprinting could not be obtained from one non-amputee athlete and from one athlete with BKA. UL - unaffected leg of athletes with BKA. AL - affected leg of athletes with BKA. Mean - average value of affected and unaffcted legs of athletes with BKA. For non-amputee athletes averages of the left and right legs are presented. P1-P3: Long jumpers with BKA; their best jump distance achieved is provided in parentheses.
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