Table 2 Discrete parameters for the analysis of the long jump take-off step.

From: Elite long jumpers with below the knee prostheses approach the board slower, but take-off more effectively than non-amputee athletes

 

Long jumpers without amputations

Long jumpers with BKA

Mean

SD

Min

Max

P1

P2

P3

AL

AL

AL

Theoretical distance (m)

7.27

(0.45)

6.51

7.92

7.96

7.38

6.43

Horizontal velocity at touchdown (m/s)

9.39

(0.36)

8.86

9.86

9.32

8.61

8.22

Ratio touchdown/maximum velocity (%)

92.85

(2.31)

89.80

95.65

93.37

92.87

92.43

Vertical velocity at touchdown (m/s)

−0.37

(0.11)

−0.54

−0.23

−0.68

−0.52

−0.36

Contact time (ms)

125

(10)

108

141

118

127

147

Horizontal velocity loss (m/s)

−1.09

(0.23)

−1.49

−0.84

−0.64

−0.59

−0.57

Take-off angle (°)

17.98

(1.98)

16.41

20.91

18.25

20.10

16.94

CoM take-off height (m)

1.18

(0.06)

1.08

1.26

1.18

1.24

1.18

Horizontal CoM take-off position (m)

0.29

(0.06)

0.19

0.38

0.30

0.26

0.39

Vertical velocity at toe-off (m/s)

3.01

(0.26)

2.76

3.47

3.00

3.08

2.55

Vertical impulse (BWs)

0.41

(0.08)

0.30

0.52

0.48

0.49

0.43

Peak vertical force (BW)

8.05

(2.40)

5.26

12.21

6.35

6.03

4.44

Stance averaged vertical GRF (BW)

3.33

(0.60)

2.49

4.21

4.07

3.83

2.93

Net horizontal impulse (BWs)

−0.11

(0.03)

−0.17

−0.09

−0.07

−0.07

−0.05

Stance averaged resultant GRF (BW)

4.27

(0.81)

3.46

5.24

4.76

4.83

4.27

Ratio vertical/horizontal impulse

3.82

(0.54)

3.13

4.51

6.74

7.33

8.04

Total CoM energy at touchdown (J/kg)

53.71

(3.59)

48.73

57.78

53.72

47.72

43.64

Negative CoM work (J/kg)

−7.06

(1.13)

−9.14

−5.99

−5.33

−4.89

−2.96

Positive CoM work (J/kg)

3.99

(1.17)

2.21

5.50

5.33

6.18

3.38

Ratio positve/negative CoM work (%)

57

(16)

35

77

100

126

114

Negative work hip joint (J/kg)

2.66

(0.50)

2.07

3.56

0.16

0.17

0.35

Positive work hip joint (J/kg)

2.28

(0.76)

1.51

3.78

1.17

1.23

0.85

Negative work knee joint (J/kg)

2.56

(1.23)

1.62

5.21

0.91

0.64

0.74

Positive work knee joint (J/kg)

1.45

(0.50)

0.60

2.12

0.26

0.28

0.31

Negative work below knee joints (J/kg)

2.55

(0.81)

1.70

4.06

5.69

4.72

2.65

Positive work below knee joints (J/kg)

1.96

(0.28)

1.51

2.34

4.41

3.79

2.48

  1. The result of the best jump (based on distance achieved) of each athlete was taken into consideration for the analysis. Center of mass is abbreviated with CoM throughout the table. AL - affected legs of athletes with BKA. P1-P3: Long jumpers with BKA.
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