Table 1 Biological significance of PM vs. NS and MM vs. NS signature.
Gene symbol | Description | Association with cancer | GO biological process | Remarks | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | |||||
Genes in PM vs. NS | |||||||
TYR* | ↑ | Tyrosinase | ✓ | pigmentation | Well established biomarker of melanoma9 | ||
RGS20* | ↑ | Regulator Of G-Protein Signaling 20 | ✓ | cell differentiation | Involved in cancer cell aggregation, migration, invasion and adhesion in other cancers51 | ||
PLA1A | ↑ | Phospholipase A1 Member A | ✓ | metabolic process | Identified to be related to short survival of melanoma patients52. | ||
SNCA | ↑ | Synuclein Alpha | ✓ | metabolic process | Protein of many diseases and also reported as biomarker of malignant melanoma53. | ||
QPRT | ↑ | Quinolinate Phosphoribosyltransferase | ✓ | metabolic process | A potential marker for follicular thyroid carcinoma54. | ||
MLANA | ↑ | Melan-A | ✓ | An established melanoma biomarker37 | |||
AP1S2* | ↑ | Adaptor Related Protein Complex 1 Sigma 2 Subunit | ✓ | ✓ | intracellular protein transport | Upregulated in expression profile of 20 cancer types55 | |
PLAT* | ↑ | Plasminogen Activator, Tissue Type | ✓ | cell mobility | Plasminogen activation system studied in uveal melanoma56 | ||
MLPH | ↑ | Melanophilin | ✓ | intracellular protein transport | Differentially expressed in melanoma57 | ||
WIPI1 | ↑ | WD Repeat Domain, Phosphoinositide Interacting 1 | ✓ | metabolic process | Coordinates Melanosome Formation and Melanogenic Gene Transcription58 | ||
ARPC1B* | ↑ | Actin Related Protein 2/3 Complex Subunit 1B | ✓ | ✓ | cell mobility | Prediction marker for choroidal malignant melanoma and lung cancer59 | |
S100B | ↑ | S100 Calcium Binding Protein B | ✓ | cell proliferation | |||
TIMP1 | ↑ | TIMP Metallopeptidase Inhibitor 1 | ✓ | cell proliferation | Timp1 interacts with CD63 to activate PI3-K signaling pathway in melanoma61,62 | ||
CD63 | ↑ | CD63 Molecule | ✓ | cell mobility | |||
FYN* | ↑ | FYN Proto-Oncogene, Src Family Tyrosine Kinase | ✓ | ✓ | cell mobility | ||
FN1* | ↑ | Fibronectin 1 | ✓ | cell mobility | Used in a diagnostic assay of metastatic melanoma65 | ||
SFN* | ↓ | Stratifin | ✓ | ✓ | cell death | ||
ALOX12* | ↓ | Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase, 12S Type | ✓ | ✓ | skin development | Biomarker for prostate cancer and also downregulated in melanoma11,67 | |
LGALS7 | ↓ | Galectin 7 | ✓ | ✓ | apoptotic process | Dual role observed in melanoma. Downregulation studied in cervical cancer and gastric cancer68,69,70 | |
PIP* | ↓ | Prolactin Induced Protein | ✓ | regulation of immune system process | Biomarker for Breast Cancer71 | ||
Genes in MM vs. NS | |||||||
SERPINE2 | ↑ | Serpin Family E Member 2 | ✓ | cell differentiation | |||
S100A1 | ↑ | S100 Calcium Binding Protein A1 | ✓ | cell proliferation | Established melanoma marker37 | ||
PHLDA1 | ↑ | Pleckstrin Homology Like Domain Family A Member 1 | ✓ | cell differentiation | Expression involved in intestinal tumorigenesis73 | ||
TAF1A | ↑ | TATA Box-Binding Protein-Associated Factor 1A | Regulation of transcription | ||||
UBE2C | ↑ | Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme E2 C | ✓ | cell proliferation | Therapeutic target for melanoma74 | ||
LDHB | ↑ | Lactate Dehydrogenase B | ✓ | metabolic process | Established biomarker of melanoma75 | ||
PARP1 | ↑ | Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 | ✓ | cell differentiation | Associated with poor survival of melanoma patients76 | ||
ASPM | ↑ | Abnormal Spindle Microtubule Assembly | ✓ | cell differentiation | Has a pro-invasion role in metastasis77 | ||
ALDH1A3 | ↑ | Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family Member A3 | ✓ | metabolic process | Identified as marker and target of melanoma therapeutics78 | ||
PRKAR1A | ↑ | Protein Kinase A Type 1a Regulatory Subunit | ✓ | cell differentiation | Overexpression studied in cholangiocarcinoma79 | ||
MCM3 | ↑ | Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 3 | ✓ | metabolic process | Is a possible independent prognostic marker for melanoma80 | ||
AASS | ↑ | Aminoadipate-Semialdehyde Synthase | ✓ | metabolic process | Is an oncogene81 | ||
SDCBP | ↑ | Syndecan Binding Protein | ✓ | cell mobility | Involved in cancer development and progression82 | ||
COL4A6 | ↓ | Collagen Type IV Alpha6 Chain | ✓ | ✓ | cell adhesion | Involved in aggressiveness and metastasis of melanoma and other cancers83 | |
AACS | ↓ | Acetoacetyl-CoA Synthetase | ✓ | cell differentiation | Low expression studied in tumor tissues84 | ||
SGK2 | ↓ | SGK2,Serine/ThreonineKinase 2 | ✓ | regulation of cell growth | Dowregulated in melanoma85 | ||
