Figure 5

Putative replay frames are associated with spindle, delta, and theta activity. (a,b) Neocortical activity during sleep triggered on peaks of putative replay Events (i.e., Events matched to waking Motifs with “exact matches” criterion and no shuffle thresholds). Cortical theta, alpha, beta and gamma power increases for up to 1000 ms during putative replay events. Green mask for p > 0.05 (two-tailed bootstrap) from baseline period (−1500 ms to −1000 ms). Vertical solid lines/horizontal dash lines indicate shared X- or Y- axes across subplots, respectively. (c,d) Peri-HG-peak histograms of theta and spindle occurrences. Theta centers preferentially occur prior to Event peaks (Sub. 1–5 grand average: p < 0.001 from 600 ms before to 200 ms before Event HG peaks; FDR-corrected permutation tests), and spindles preferentially occur near Event peaks (Sub. 2–3: p < 0.001 in the 0.2 s before the HG Event peaks; FDR-corrected permutation test). Orange boxes: significant time stretches. Putative replay frames are from the first Sleep-Post period. Similar effects were found for the second period (not shown). The black horizontal dash line indicates median ripple rate, and the orange horizontal dash line indicates the 99th percentile.