Table 1 Cytokine profiles in sera of mice that received IRV using a MN patch or by IM injection.

From: Inactivated rotavirus vaccine by parenteral administration induces mucosal immunity in mice

Cytokine

MN patch 5 µg

IM 5 µg

Baseline [pg/ml]

Day 2 [pg/ml]

Day 23 [pg/ml]

Day 44 [pg/ml]

Baseline [pg/ml]

Day 2 [pg/ml]

Day 23 [pg/ml]

Day 44 [pg/ml]

Type I IFN

   IFN-α

31.3 ± 3.4

29.9 ± 2.2

27.87 ± 7.5

134.9 ± 6.8

30.6 ± 3.9

34 ± 4.6

24.7 ± 7.6

33.64 ± 3.4

Th1 cytokines

   IFN-γ

31.3 ± 11.3

180.05 ± 4.46

81.26 ± 6.99

84.95 ± 3.34

33.23 ± 9.4

16.15 ± 13.3

29.03 ± 2.76

97.91 ± 42.13

   IL-2

24.99 ± 5.42

58.71 ± 30.68

21.03 ± 2.53

21.8 ± 1.59

21.89 ± 2.3

13.06 ± 10.8

30.43 ± 18.96

22.1 ± 2.07

   TNF-α

69.5 ± 13.1

87.03 ± 11.9

80.6 ± 13.9

75.7 ± 17.6

60.1 ± 3.1

60.8 ± 7.9

79.2 ± 22.3

63.4 ± 3.04

Th2 cytokines

   IL-4

33.7 ± 2.33

39.8 ± 6.43

33.65 ± 3

36.3 ± 4.13

39.3 ± 6.4

20.6 ± 17.1

33.42 ± 4.15

147.3 ± 11.4

   IL-6

57.15 ± 9.2

69.54 ± 7

59.8 ± 9.6

78.9 ± 27.2

51.5 ± 1.4

35.4 ± 29.43

457.3 ± 23.42

254.2 ± 9.1

   IL-10

228.9 ± 129.7

161.6 ± 40.14

137.03 ± 52.6

143.2 ± 41.8

158.42 ± 1.5

68.3 ± 55.9

162.4 ± 74.15

1197 ± 111.9

Th17 cytokines

   IL-17A

40.4 ± 3.75

53.4 ± 16.5

44.9 ± 2.8

45.6 ± 3.4

43.3 ± 2.8

25.1 ± 19.7

47.6 ± 6.5

191.5 ± 14

  1. Mice were vaccinated with 5 µg IRV via microneedle (MN) patch or via intramuscular (IM) injection. Serum samples collected at the indicated time points were analyzed for the presence of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines by a flow cytometry-based bead array or by IFN-α ELISA as described in the text. Data shown are the mean and s.d. from 4 (baseline) or 5 mice. Cytokine concentrations are shown in [pg/ml].