Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the whole population and corresponding gamma gap values.

From: The gamma gap predicts 4-year all-cause mortality among nonagenarians and centenarians

 

Total n (%)

Gamma gap

Normal (<3.1 g/dl) n (%)

Elevated (≥3.1 g/dl) n (%)

χ2 or F value

p

n

801

621 (77.5)

180 (22.5)

—

—

Age, year†

93.7 ± 3.5

93.6 ± 3.3

94.1 ± 4.0

3.680

0.055

Women

541 (67.5)

417 (67.1)

124 (68.9)

0.193

0.661

Current smokers

350 (43.6)

279 (44.9)

71 (39.4)

1.705

0.192

Current alcohol drinkers

211 (26.3)

159 (25.6)

52 (28.9)

0.776

0.378

Exercise habits*

300 (38.2)

244 (40.2)

56 (31.5)

4.126

0.035

BMI, kg/m2 †

19.3 ± 3.5

19.2 ± 3.4

19.4 ± 3.6

0.149

0.700

Chronic disease

 Hypertension

330 (41.2)

253 (40.7)

77 (42.8)

0.239

0.625

 Cardiovascular disease

72 (9.0)

50 (8.1)

22 (12.2)

2.967

0.085

 Diabetes

18 (2.2)

13 (2.1)

5 (2.8)

0.298

0.585

 Chronic respiratory disease

176 (22.0)

130 (20.9)

46 (25.6)

1.739

0.187

 Chronic liver disease

53 (6.6)

37 (6.0)

16 (8.9)

1.940

0.164

 Stroke

48 (6.0)

35 (5.6)

13 (7.2)

0.623

0.430

 Chronic kidney disease

36 (4.6)

26 (4.2)

10 (5.6)

0.609

0.435

 Osteoarthritis

312 (39.0)

250 (40.3)

62 (34.4)

1.983

0.159

 Cancer

13 (1.6)

8 (1.3)

4 (2.2)

—

0.483

Geriatric syndromes

 Falls in the previous 12 months

429 (53.5)

341 (54.9)

88 (48.9)

2.035

0.154

 Incontinence

83 (10.4)

61 (9.8)

22 (12.2)

0.865

0.352

 Cognitive impairment*

187 (24.0)

150 (24.6)

36 (20.6)

1.178

0.270

 Polypharmacy

162 (20.2)

118 (19.0)

44 (24.4)

2.562

0.109

 Depression

180 (22.5)

131 (21.1)

49 (27.2)

3.007

0.083

Gamma gap, g/dl†

2.7 ± 0.5

2.5 ± 0.3

3.4 ± 0.4

891.168

<0.001

TC, mmol/L†

4.5 ± 1.7

4.7 ± 2.1

4.0 ± 0.8

0.483

0.487

TG, mmol/L†

1.3 ± 0.7

1.2 ± 0.7

1.3 ± 0.8

0.768

0.381

LDL-C, mmol/L†

2.3 ± 0.9

2.3 ± 1.0

2.2 ± 0.6

1.439

0.231

HDL-C, mmol/L†

1.6 ± 0.7

1.6 ± 0.8

1.5 ± 0.3

4.085

0.034

ALT, U/L†

11.4 ± 9.7

11.4 ± 9.5

11.7 ± 10.2

0.197

0.658

TB, μmol/L†

17.2 ± 5.0

18.2 ± 6.4

13.8 ± 11.3

0.138

0.711

WBC, SI†

5.8 ± 1.6

5.7 ± 1.6

7.1 ± 1.8

9.131

0.003

HGB, g/L†

113.2 ± 15.5

113.3 ± 15.3

112.9 ± 16.3

0.128

0.721

  1. †Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). *n = 785, because of missing data on exercise habits and/or the MMSE.
  2. One-way ANOVA was used for the continuous variables, and the Pearson chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test (where an expected cell count was <5) was used for the categorical variables. During testing, p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance.
  3. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HGB, hemoglobin; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; TB, total bilirubin; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; WBC, white blood cell count.
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