Figure 1

Different large-scale systems currently used for the industrial production of microalgal biomass: (a) 1-m3 Flat panel photobioreactor. (b) 2.5-m3 pilot-scale tubular photobioreactor. (c) 100-m3 industrial tubular photobioreactor. (d) 200-m3 raceway. Pictures depicted were kindly provided by CMP, Secil group, Pataias, Portugal (a–c) and Necton S.A., Belamandil-Olhão, Portugal (d).