Table 1 Nested ANOVA results showing effects of region and population nested within region on eight performance traits of Rosa rugosa.

Trait	Factor	df	SS	MS	F	P
Reproductive traits
Hips/m^2 a	Region	1	3328.00	3328.20	5.81	<0.05*
	Region: population	4	12760.00	3189.90	5.56	<0.001***
	Residual	65	37263.00	573.30
Seeds per hip^a	Region	1	5967.90	5967.90	21.27	<0.001***
	Region: population	4	1639.60	409.90	1.46	0.224 NS
	Residual	65	18240.30	280.60
Seeds/m^2 a,b	Region	1	3189.00	3189.00	11.81	<0.001**
	Region: population	4	5824.10	1456.00	5.39	<0.001***
	Residual	65	17554.20	270.10
Hip length: width	Region	1	0.41	0.41	55.48	<0.001***
	Region: population	4	0.13	0.03	4.34	<0.01**
	Residual	65	0.48	0.00
Hip volume (cm³)	Region	1	31.816	32.82	30.39	<0.001***
	Region: population	4	50.92	12.73	12.16	<0.001***
	Residual	65	68.05	1.05
Growth traits
Shrub size (m²)^b	Region	1	740.02	740.02	10.47	<0.01**
	Region: population	5	962.90	192.58	2.72	<0.05*
	Residual	74	5232.00	70.70
Cover (%)	Region	1	14931.00	14930.00	50.85	<0.001***
	Region: population	5	4249.70	849.90	2.89	<0.05*
	Residual	74	21727.30	293.60
Height (cm)^c	Region	1	13912.50	13912.50	20.97	<0.001***
	Region: population	5	11490.00	2298.00	3.46	<0.01**
	Residual	56	37161.00	663.60

Significant P values were shown as follows: ‘***’ < 0.001, ‘**’ < 0.01, ‘*’ < 0.05. df is degrees of freedom, SS is sum of squares, MS is mean squares, F is the F statistic.
^aTraits without data from population HCH, since there was no available hip and seed data due to flower collection by local residents.
^bTraits were square root transformed before ANOVA to increase normality and decrease heteroscedasticity of the variables.
^cTrait was analyzed after omitting 18 shrubs with mowing management in HUN, DRA, HEA, SKA.

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