Table 2 Associations between living in urban and rural area with HOMA-IR, leptin, and waist circumference.

From: Impact of rural-urban environment on metabolic profile and response to a 5-day high-fat diet

Variables

Differences for each variable between urban and rural (rural group as the reference group)*

Crude

Model 1

(Age)

Model 2

(Age + Total IgE)

Model 3

(Age + Waist)

Model 4

(Age + Total IgE + Waist)

Model 5

(Age + Waist + Leptin)

HOMA-IR$

0.10 (0.02–0.17), p = 0.010

0.09 (0.02–0.17), p = 0.016

0.08 (−0.00–0.17), p = 0.061

0.02 (−0.04–0.08), p = 0.545

0.04 (−0.03–0.11), p = 0.294

0.01 (−0.06–0.07), p = 0.774

Leptin (ng/mL)$

0.33 (0.14–0.51), p = 0.001

0.36 (0.18–0.55), p < 0.0001

0.10 (−0.03–0.24), p = 0.137

0.11 (−0.01–0.22), p = 0.076

0.08 (−0.05–0.21), p = 0.216

—

Waist Circumference (cm)

5.6 (1.3–9.9), p = 0.010

7.2 (3.0–11.3), p = 0.001

4.2 (−0.5–8.8), p = 0.077

—

—

—

  1. *Beta coefficient (95% CI) from linear regression. $HOMA-IR and leptin level were log transformed for analysis. Model 1: adjusted for age. Model 2: adjusted for model 1 plus total IgE level. Model 3: adjusted for model 1 plus waist circumference. Model 4: adjusted for model 2 plus waist circumference. Model 5: adjusted for model 3 plus leptin level. Abbreviation: HOMA-IR = the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.
Back to article page