Figure 1

Detection of the expression of Vip3Af proteins (89 kDa) in the collection of Ala-mutants used in the screening. Direct broth (10 µl of the culture adjusted to an OD600 of 4.7) was loaded and subjected to SDS-PAGE. “M”: molecular weight marker (kDa); minus sign (−): absence of Vip3Af expression; plus sign (+): Vip3Af expression, and “wt”: Vip3Af1(WT) as a positive control.