Table 3 Summary of brain regions showing significant differences between the DEL and No-DEL groups in gray matter density, fractional anisotropy, and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation.

Region	DEL group	No-DEL group	MNI coordinates	Volume	Zmax	Cohen’s d
Region	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	x, y, z	cc	Zmax	Cohen’s d
Gray matter density
DEL > No-DEL
No significant results
DEL < No-DEL
R. DMPFC/pre-SMA	0.376 (0.048)	0.422 (0.067)	8, 20, 53	4.51	4.48	0.81
R. PCC	0.383 (0.051)	0.422 (0.055)	10, −34, 39	2.47	4.73	0.75
L. Paracentral lobule	0.306 (0.047)	0.349 (0.061)	−2, −23, 67	2.36	4.47	0.82
L. Middle temporal gyrus	0.391 (0.065)	0.441 (0.052)	−55, −23, −16	11.27	5.59	0.81
R. Inferior temporal gyrus	0.395 (0.052)	0.442 (0.058)	48, 5, −36	9.50	5.24	0.82
L. Hippocampus	0.358 (0.069)	0.397 (0.057)	−37, −19, −17	1.88	4.58	0.57
L. Caudate	0.292 (0.046)	0.335 (0.040)	−14, 9, 13	4.79	5.42	0.98
L. Suprachiasmatic nucleus			−8, 0, −16		4.61
R. Suprachiasmatic nucleus			11, −1, −15		4.58
L. Cerebellum	0.433 (0.048)	0.478 (0.083)	−42, −71, −54	2.43	4.31	0.61
L. Cerebellum	0.483 (0.056)	0.525 (0.068)	−23, −44, −29	2.65	3.89	0.63
R. Cerebellum	0.431 (0.056)	0.459 (0.053)	20, −41, −29	2.84	3.93	0.48
Fractional anisotropy
DEL > No-DEL
No significant results
DEL < No-DEL
R. External capsule	0.218 (0.035)	0.244 (0.028)	33, 14, −3	2.35	4.76	0.82
Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation
DEL > No-DEL
R. DLPFC	1.880 (0.462)	1.389 (0.291)	24, 38, 26	1.31	4.90	1.27
DEL < No-DEL
No significant results

Abbreviations: cc, cubic centimeters; DEL group, participants who developed postoperative delirium; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; DMPFC, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex; SD, standard deviation; MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute; No-DEL group, participants who did not develop postoperative delirium; SMA, supplementary motor area; Zmax, maximum z-value within a cluster.

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