Scientific Reports

Table 3 Effects of the different formulations on root length, shoot length, dry mass, chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, and carotenoids of maize plants (Z. mays) after pre- and post-emergence treatment with surfactant solution (Tween 80), the control nanoparticles (NP), the emulsified CVC and LNL (C + L), and nanoparticles containing CVC and LNL (NP_C + L).

From: Carvacrol and linalool co-loaded in β-cyclodextrin-grafted chitosan nanoparticles as sustainable biopesticide aiming pest control

Formulation	Concentration	Parameters
Formulation	Concentration	Shoot length	Root length	Dry mass	Chlorophyll A	Chlorophyll B	Carotenoids
PRE-EMERGENCE TREATMENT
Tween	0.05 mg/mL	0	0	0	+++↑	++↑	++↑
	0.25 mg/mL	0	0	0	0	0	0
	2.5 mg/mL	0	0	0	++↑	0	0
NP_CS	0.05 mg/mL	0	++↓	0	0	+↑	++↑
	0.25 mg/mL	0	0	0	+↑	+↑	+++↑
	2.5 mg/mL	0	0	0	++↑	+↑	+++↑
C + L	0.05 mg/mL	0	++↓	0	0	0	+↑
	0.25 mg/mL	++↓	0	0	++↑	+↑	+++↑
	2.5 mg/mL	0	0	0	+↑	+++↑	‘++↑
NP_C + L	0.05 mg/mL	0	0	0	++↑	+↑	+++↓
	0.25 mg/mL	0	0	0	0	++↑	+↑
	2.5 mg/mL	0	0	0	0	0	++↑
POST-EMERGENCE TREATMENT
Tween	0.05 mg/mL	0	++↑	0	0	++↑	0
	0.25 mg/mL	0	0	0	0	++↑	0
	2.5 mg/mL	0	+++↑	0	++↑	++↑	++↑
NP_CS	0.05 mg/mL	0	+++↑	0	0	0	0
	0.25 mg/mL	0	+↑	0	0	0	0
	2.5 mg/mL	+++↓	++↑	0	0	0	+++↑
C + L	0.05 mg/mL	0	0	0	++↑	0	++↑
	0.25 mg/mL	+↓	++↑	0	0	0	0
	2.5 mg/mL	+↓	++↑	0	++↑	0	0
NP_C + L	0.05 mg/mL	0	0	0	0	0	0
	0.25 mg/mL	0	++↑	0	0	++↑	0
	2.5 mg/mL	++↓	+++↑	0	+++↑	+++↑	0

A significance level of p < 0.05 was considered for the differences between groups with the same concentration, where + indicates a mild effect, ++ a moderate effect, and +++ a severe effect, relative to the control.

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