Figure 2
From: An ultra-fast mechanically active cell culture substrate
Reported performance of deformable cell culture substrate technologies in terms of maximum strain and strain rate. We limited the comparison to systems that generate planar deformation of the culture substrate. (a) The highest strain rate is achieved by our DEA cell stretcher (870 s−1). Systems using voice coil (150 s−1)13 and pneumatic (60 s−1)22 actuators can also generate extreme strain rates, whereas liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) actuators (0.035 s−1)54, stepper motor (0.2 s−1)16 and electromagnetic actuators (4 s−1)55 are limited to physiological strain rates. Piezoelectric devices18 have the potential to generate extreme strain rates but no values have been reported yet. (b) The DEA cell stretcher is the only system that showed mechanical stimulation profiles that combine tensile and compressive strain. All the reported technologies enables strain of 0.2 or greater, and the maximum reported strain of 1 was achieved using voice coil actuators13.
