Table 2 Baseline Characteristics stratified by Tertiles of CD4+ CD28null Cell Frequencies.

From: CD4+CD28null T Lymphocytes are Associated with the Development of Atrial Fibrillation after Elective Cardiac Surgery

 

Tertile 1

Tertile 2

Tertile 3

p-value

r=

*p-value

% CD4+CD28null cells within CD4+ cells, (IQR)

0.7 (0.4–1.4)

5.5 (3.7–7.1)

17.6 (12.1–25.2)

<0.001

  

POAF, n (%)

6 (14.0)

18 (41.9)

36 (83.7)

<0.001

  

First onset after Surgery, days (IQR)

2 (2–3)

2 (2–3)

2 (2–3)

0.247

0.013

0.922

Clinical Presentation

Age, years (IQR)

69 (54–75)

66 (59–73)

68 (61–74)

0.599

0.028

0.756

Male gender, n (%)

34 (79.1)

28 (65.1)

32 (74.4)

0.334

  

Current Smoker, n (%)

4 (9.3)

5 (11.6)

1 (2.3)

0.244

  

Type of Surgery

Valve Replacement, n (%)

8 (18.6)

18 (41.9)

18 (41.9)

0.055

  

CABG, n (%)

25 (58.1)

19 (44.1)

14 (32.6)

   

Valve Replacement and CABG, n (%)

10 (23.3)

6 (14.0)

11 (25.5)

   

Location of Valve Surgery

Aortic Valve, n (%)

5 (27.8)

9 (37.5)

6 (20.7)

0.510

  

Mitral Valve, n (%)

3 (16.7)

4 (16.7)

9 (31.0)

   

Tricuspid Valve, n (%)

0 (−)

1 (4.2)

0 (−)

   

Combined, n (%)

10 (55.6)

10 (41.7)

14 (48.3)

   

LA volume index, mL/m2 (IQR)

45.8 (38.9–55.0)

45.6 (38.9–58.6)

45.8 (31.7–61.1)

0.802

0.058

0.513

Comorbidities

Previous MCI, n (%)

9 (20.9)

16 (37.2)

9 (20.9)

0.141

  

Family History in AF, n (%)

24 (55.9)

25 (58.1)

24 (55.8)

0.969

  

Valvular Heart Disease, n (%)

34 (79.1)

29 (67.4)

28 (65.1)

0.315

  

Hypertension, n (%)

36 (83.7)

26 (83.7)

41 (95.3)

0.168

  

Diabetes Mellitus Type II, n (%)

7 (16.3)

17 (39.5)

20 (46.5)

0.008

  

Chronic Kidney Disease, n (%)

6 (14.0)

11 (25.6)

11 (25.6)

0.320

  

Peripheral Vascular Disease, n (%)

3 (6.9)

4 (9.3)

4 (9.3)

0.905

  

COPD, n (%)

0 (−)

1 (2.3)

0 (−)

0.365

  

Chronic Heart Failure, n (%)

30 (69.8)

28 (65.1)

31 (72.1)

0.776

  

NYHA-Class, n (%)

II

16 (53.3)

19 (67.9)

17 (54.8)

0.543

  

III

13 (43.3)

9 (32.1)

13 (41.9)

   

IV

1 (3.3)

0 (−)

0 (−)

   

Perioperative Management

Aortic cross-clamp time, min (IQR)

72 (63–81)

66 (63–73)

69 (66–74)

0.253

0.038

0.673

CPB time, min (IQR)

109 (90–133)

95 (90–110)

118 (101–128)

0.022

0.085

0.339

Bicaval cannulation, n (%)

2 (4.7)

4 (9.3)

3 (6.9)

0.699

  

Intraoperative complication, n (%)

1 (2.3)

0 (−)

0 (−)

0.365

  

Intraoperative inotropic use, n (%)

18 (41.9)

17 (39.5)

20 (46.5)

0.801

  

Postoperative Management

Prolonged Inotropic drug use >72 h, n (%)

1 (2.3)

2 (4.7)

1 (2.3)

0.773

  

RBC Transfusion, n (%)

17 (39.5)

23 (53.5)

15 (34.9)

0.192

  

Sepsis, n (%)

1 (2.3)

2 (4.7)

0 (−)

0.359

  

Cardiogenic Shock, n (%)

1 (2.3)

1 (2.3)

1 (2.3)

1.000

  

Major Bleeding, n (%)

0 (−)

0 (−)

1 (2.3)

0.365

  

Surgical Revision, n (%)

0 (−)

1 (2.3)

0 (−)

0.365

  

Laboratory Measures

Creatinine at admission, mg/dl (IQR)

0.91 (0.74–1.06)

0.96 (0.83–1.37

0.97 (0.86–1.30)

0.036

0.149

0.094

Cholesterol at admission, mg/dl (IQR)

176 (141–204)

163 (133–194)

170 (136–193)

0.482

−0.093

0.301

ALT at admission, U/l (IQR)

21 (17–33)

25 (17–31)

24 (17–36)

0.641

0.109

0.222

AST at admission, U/l (IQR)

22 (18–30)

22 (17–28)

23 (17–27)

0.986

0.050

0.576

Gamma-GT at admission, U/l (IQR)

30 (16–56)

27 (20–34)

25 (20–52)

0.660

−0.068

0.446

TSH at admission, yU/l (IQR)

1.39 (0.82–1.85)

1.30 (0.81–1.98)

1.25 (0.79–2.10)

0.952

0.033

0.721

NT-proBNP at admission pg/ml (IQR)

416.4 (177.7–915.6)

461.4 (153.0–1751.0)

678.1 (248.0–1758.0)

0.154

0.146

0.102

NT-proBNP after surgery, pg/ml (IQR)

2096.0 (532.4–3173.5)

2184.0 (1039.0–8682.0)

2645.5 (1648.0–4983.2)

0.529

0.176

0.249

CRP before surgery, mg/dl (IQR)

0.21 (0.08–0.38)

0.15 (0.08–0.34)

0.15 (0.8–0.32)

0.852

−0.077

0.392

CRP max. after surgery, mg/dl (IQR)

14.0 (8.9–21.8)

19.3 (13.8–23.5)

20.9 (15.7–24.2)

0.087

0.214

0.020

Leucocytes after surgery, thousand/µl

14.5 (12.5–17.1)

14.5 (11.2–20.1)

14.6 (12.9–21.0)

0.334

0.185

0.046

Lactate after surgery, mmol/l (IQR)

2.4 (1.6–2.9)

2.2 (1.6–2.8)

2.4 (1.7–3.1)

0.708

−0.022

0.822

Medication at admission

ASA, n (%)

35 (81.4)

27 (62.7)

33 (76.7)

0.125

  

Other NSAID, n (%)

2 (4.7)

1 (2.3)

0 (−)

0.359

  

ACE Inhibitor, n (%)

17 (39.5)

16 (37.2)

16 (37.2)

0.968

  

Beta Blockers, n (%)

24 (55.8)

25 (58.1)

29 (67.4)

0.506

  

Statins, n (%)

34 (79.1)

21 (48.8)

16 (37.2)

<0.001

  
  1. Categorical data are presented as counts and percentages, continuous as median and IQR (interquartile range). Categorical data are analyzed using Chi-square-test, continuous data using Kruskal-Wallis test. Association of continuous variables was assessed by Sperman-Rho correlation coefficient. *p-value for correlation. AF = Atrial Fibrillation, POAF = Post-Operative Atrial Fibrillation, CABG = Coronary Artery Bypass Graft, COPD = Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, CPB = Cardio-Pulmonary Bypass, RBC = Red Blood Cell, ALT = Alanine Transaminase, AST = Aspartat Transaminase, BNP = Brain Natriuretic Peptide, CRP = C-Reactive Protein, TSH = Thyroid-stimulating Hormone, ASA = Acetylsalicylic Acid, NSAID = Non-Steroid Anti-Inflammatory Drug, ACE = Angiotensin Converting Enzyme.
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