Table 2 Selected characteristics of included studies of VR-enhanced interventions.

From: The effectiveness of virtual reality based interventions for symptoms of anxiety and depression: A meta-analysis

Study	Condition^a	Sample^b	Recr.^c	N_rand VR^d	N_sess VR^e	VR_weeks^f	VR psy interv.^g	Ctrl^h	VR systemⁱ	VR dev^j	Prov^k
Anderson, 2013	Social anxiety	DSM-IV-TR	Comm	30	8	8	VRCBT	WL; CBT	HMD	N	US
Banos, 2011	Mixed disorders	DSM-IV-TR	Comm	25	5	9	VRCBT	CBT	VR room	Y	ES
Botella, 2007	PD + AG	DSM-IV, ADIS-IV	Comb	12	6	9	VRCBT	WL; CBT	HMD	Y	ES
Botella, 2016	Spider Phobia	DSM-IV-TR	Comm	32	1	0.14	VRE	IVE	HMD	Y	ES
Bouchard, 2016	Social Anxiety	DSM-V	Comm	17	8	14	VRCBT	WL; CBT	HMD	Y	CA
Choi, 2005	PD + AG	DSM-IV	Clin	20	3	4	VRCBT	CBT	HMD	Y	KR
Emmelkamp, 2002	Acrophobia	DSM-IV/BAT	Comm	17	3	3	VRE	IVE	HMD	N	NL
Gaggioli, 2014	Stress	VAS-A	Comm	40	8	5	VRCBT	WL; CBT	HMD	Y	IT
Garcia-Palacios, 2002	Spider Phobia	FSQ > 97, DSM-IV	Comm	12	4	2.5	VRE	WL	HMD	Y	ES
Kampmann, 2016	Social Anxiety	DSM-IV-TR	Comm	20	7	5	VRE	WL; IVE	HMD	Y	NL
Krijn, 2004	Acrophobia	DSM-IV, BAT	NR	17	3	3	VRE	WL	HMD/CV	N	NL
Lau, 2010	Ward orient	Psych diagn.	Clin	27	1	0.14	VRE	TAU	PC	N/R	CN
Malinvaud, 2016	Tinnitus	Subj. tinnitus	Clin	61	8	8	VRE	CBT	HMD	Y	FR
Maltby, 2002	Flight Anxiety	DSM-IV	Comm	25	5	3	VRE	PLB	HMD	Y	US
McLay, 2011	PTSD	MINI/CAPS > 40	Army	10	8,8	10	VRE	TAU	HMD	Y	US
McLay, 2017	PTSD	DSM-IV	Army	43	10,28	9	VRE	IE	HMD	Y	US
Meyerbroeker, 2013	PD + AG	DSM-IV-TR	NR	27	6	10	VRCBT	CBT	HMD/CV	N	NL
Michaliszyn, 2010	Spider Phobia	DSM-IV, BAT	Comm	16	6	8	VRE	IVE	HMD	N	CA
Miyahira, 2012	PTSD	CAPS, PDS	Army	29	9	5	VRCBT	WL	HMD	N	US
Muhlberger, 2001	Flight Anxiety	DSM-IV	Comm	15	1	0.14	VRE	RLX	HMD	N	DE
Muhlberger, 2003	Flight Anxiety	DSM-IV	Comm	26	1	0.14	VRCBT	CT	HMD	N	DE
Pelissolo, 2012	PD + AG	DSM-IV	Clin	43	12	12	VRE	CBT	HMD	N	FR
Pitti, 2008	PD + AG.	CIDI	Clin	18	11	11	VRCBT	CBT	CV	N	ES
Ready, 2010	PTSD	CAPS > 60	Clin	6	10	N/R	VRE	PLB	HMD	Y	US
Reger, 2016	PTSD	DSM-IV-TR	Army	54	8	10	VRE	WL; IE	HMD	Y	US
Riva, 2003	BED	DSM-IV	Clin	9	10	6	VRCBT	WL; CBT	HMD	Y	IT
Riva, 2006	Severe Obesity	BMI > 41	Clin	57	9	6	VRCBT	WL; CBT	HMD	Y	IT
Robillard, 2010	Social Anxiety	DSM-IV-TR	NR	14	16	NR	VRCBT	WL; CBT	HMD	Y	CA
Rothbaum, 1995	Acrophobia	AQ (screening)	Comm	12	7	8	VRE	WL	HMD	Y	US
Rothbaum, 2000	Flight Anxiety	DSM-IV	Comm	15	4	6	VRCBT	WL; CBT	HMD	Y	US
Rothbaum, 2006	Flight Anxiety	DSM-IV	Comm	41	4	6	VRCBT	CBT	HMD	Y	US
Rus-Calafell, 2013	Flight Anxiety	DSM-IV	Comm	7	6	3	VRE	IE	HMD	Y	ES
Stetz, 2011	Stress	PCL-M	Army	30	3	0.42	VRE	RLX	Screen	Y	US
Thompson, 2011	Tiredness/Mood	No diagnostic	Comm	12	10	2.5	VRE	RLX; IE	HMD	Y	UK
Tortella-Feliu, 2011	Flight Anxiety	DSM-IV	Comm	19	6	3	VRE	IE	HMD	Y	ES
Triscari, 2015	Flight Anxiety	MCMI-III, DSM-V	Comm	21	3	10	VRCBT	CBT	N/R	Y	IT
Vincelli, 2003	PD + AG.	DSM-IV	Clin	4	8	N/R	VRCBT	WL; CBT	HMD	Y	IT
Wallach, 2009	Social Anxiety	PSA symptoms	Comm	34	8	12	VRCBT	WL; CBT	HMD	N	IL
Wiederhold, 2001	Flight Anxiety	DSM-IV	Comm	20	6	8	VRE	IE	HMD	N/R	US

^aPD = panic disorder; ED = eating disorder; orient = orientation; BED = binge eating disorder; AG = agoraphobia; PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder. Mixed disorders include PTSD, pathological grief and adjustment disorders;
^bSample selection; DSM = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; ADIS = Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule; BAT = behavioral approach test; VAS-A = Visual Analogue Scale for Anxiety; FSQ = Fear of Spiders Questionnaire; Psych diagn. = 1^st time admission in a psychiatric ward; Subj. tinnitus = subjective tinnitus; MINI = Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview; CAPS = Clinician Administered PTSD Scale; PDS = PTSD Diagnostic Scale; CIDI = Composite International Diagnostic Interview; BMI = Body Mass Index; AQ = Acrophobia Questionnaire; PCL = PTSD CheckList – Military Version; MCMI = Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory; PSA Symptoms = public speaking anxiety symptoms (psychiatric evaluation);
^cComm = recruited from community samples; Clin = recruited from clinical samples; NR = not reported;
^dN_rand VR = number of participants randomized to the VR-enhanced treatment;
^eN_sess VR = number sessions of VR-enhanced treatment;
^fVR_weeks = the duration in weeks of the VR-enhanced treatment;
^gVR psy tx = type of VR-enhanced psychological treatment; VRE = VR-enhanced exposure; VRCBT = VR-enhanced cognitive behavioral therapy;
^hCtrl= control/comparison intervention; IVE = in vivo exposure; IE = imaginal exposure; RLX = relaxation; CBT = cognitive behavioral therapy; PLB = placebo; CT = cognitive therapy; WL = waitlist; TAU = treatment-as-usual;
ⁱHMD = head-mounted display; CV = Cave-type system;
^jVR dev = VR developers are among the study authors; Y = yes; N = no;
^kProv, provenience; CN = China; NL = Netherlands; ES = Spain; US = United States; KR = South Korea; IT = Italy; FR = France; CA = Canada; DE = Germany; IL = Israel.

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Table 2 Selected characteristics of included studies of VR-enhanced interventions.

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