Table 2 Multivariate analysis: factors associated with mortality in cirrhotic patients in the 2011–2012 season.

From: Higher mortality and hospital charges in patients with cirrhosis and acute respiratory illness: a population-based study

In-hospital/30-days/1-year number of death (n = 289/564/1486)

In-hospital mortality

Post-discharge mortality

Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI)*

P-value

30 days

1 year

Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI)*

P-value

Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI)*

P-value

ARI (n = 100/192/471)

1.35 (1.22–1.49)

<0.001

1.13 (1.02–1.25)

0.023

1.19 (1.07–1.32)

0.001

Age

18–44 (n = 12/23/66)

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

45–64 (n = 148/283/774)

1.69 (1.35–2.12)

<0.001

1.19 (0.93–1.51)

0.17

1.20 (0.95–1.53)

0.13

65–74 (n = 66/134/362)

2.09 (1.63–2.68)

<0.001

1.50 (1.15–1.96)

0.003

1.61 (1.24–2.09)

<0.001

≥75 (n = 63/124/284)

2.94 (2.26–3.83)

<0.001

1.85 (1.39–2.45)

<0.001

2.09 (1.58–2.76)

<0.001

Sex

Female (n = 95/190/548)

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Male (n = 194/374/938)

1.03 (0.93–1.13)

0.59

1.05 (0.95–1.17)

0.36

1.04 (0.93–1.15)

0.51

Race

White (n = 190/390/996)

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Black (n = 26/48/141)

0.77 (0.66–0.91)

0.002

0.93 (0.78–1.11)

0.45

0.93 (0.78–1.11)

0.45

Native American/Alaskan/Aleutian (n = 2/2/10)

0.61 (0.32–1.15)

0.12

0.63 (0.31–1.28)

0.20

0.68 (0.34–1.38)

0.29

Asian/Pacific Islander (n = 36/55/143)

0.98 (0.81–1.18)

0.82

1.03 (0.84–1.26)

0.77

1.04 (0.86–1.28)

0.67

Others/unknown (n = 35/69/196)

0.92 (0.79–1.07)

0.27

0.98 (0.83–1.15)

0.79

0.97 (0.82–1.13)

0.67

Ethnicity

Hispanic (n = 82/163/446)

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Non-Hispanic (n = 204/396/1030)

0.92 (0.82–1.03)

0.14

0.89 (0.78–1.00)

0.058

0.85 (0.75–0.96)

0.01

Unknown (n = 3/5/10)

0.58 (0.34–0.99)

0.045

0.89 (0.50–1.58)

0.69

0.78 (0.44–1.39)

0. 40

Insurance

Private (n = 28/63/159)

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Medicare (n = 151/317/846)

0.90 (0.76–1.06)

0.20

0.95 (0.80–1.13)

0.55

0.89 (0.75–1.06)

0.18

Medicaid (n = 90/148/399)

0.85 (0.71–1.01)

0.065

0.91 (0.76–1.10)

0.33

0.88 (0.73–1.06)

0.18

Self-pay (n = 9/17/35)

0.90 (0.66–1.22)

0.50

0.89 (0.64–1.24)

0.49

0.86 (0.62–1.19)

0.36

Othersa (n = 11/19/47)

0.71 (0.53–0.94)

0.017

0.65 (0.48–0.88)

0.006

0.60 (0.44–0.82)

0.001

Severity of cirrhosis

Compensated cirrhosis (n = 48/94/258)

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Decompensated cirrhosis (n = 216/418/1113)

1.16 (1.02–1.31)

0.02

1.19 (1.05–1.36)

0.008

1.27 (1.11–1.44)

<0.001

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (n = 25/52/115)

2.17 (1.76–2.68)

<0.001

1.94 (1.55–2.42)

<0.001

2.35 (1.87–2.94)

<0.001

Cause of cirrhosis

Hepatitis B virusb (n = 33/59/179)

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Hepatitis C virusc (n = 122/259/741)

1.09 (0.94–1.26)

0.25

0.94 (0.81–1.09)

0.42

0.99 (0.85–1.15)

0.90

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) (n = 88/168/361)

1.22 (1.02–1.45)

0.028

1.03 (0.85–1.23)

0.79

1.11 (0.92–1.33)

0.28

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (n = 19/35/96)

0.95 (0.75–1.20)

0.65

0.95 (0.74–1.22)

0.70

1.01 (0.79–1.30)

0.91

Other liver diseasesd (n = 27/43/109)

0.80 (0.64–1.00)

0.051

0.95 (0.75–1.20)

0.65

0.95 (0.76–1.21)

0.70

  1. *Adjusted for the listing variables, comorbidities, and history of severe comorbidities.
  2. aWorker’s compensation, county indigent program, other government, other indigent program, other payer.
  3. bHBV patients (with or without HCV, ALD, NAFLD).
  4. cHCV patients (with or without ALD, NAFLD).
  5. dAutoimmune hepatitis, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, hereditary hemochromatosis, hemochromatosis due to repeated red blood cell transfusions, other hemochromatosis, disorders of copper metabolism, cholangitis.
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