Table 4 Risks for glaucoma and macular degeneration in US radiologic technologists and other radiation-exposed cohorts.

Model	Dose (Gy), mean (range)	Cases	Excess relative risk (hazard ratio) /Gy	95% CI
Glaucoma
US radiologic technologists (current study, unadjusted for covariates)	0.058 (0–1.51)	1631	−1.39	(−1.94, −0.69)
US radiologic technologists (current study, adjusted for covariates)	0.058 (0–1.51)	1631	−0.57	(−1.46, 0.60)
Japanese atomic-bomb survivors⁴⁰	0.57 (0 − >4.14)	211	−0.18	(−0.20, −0.03)
Japanese atomic-bomb survivors¹⁹ – primary open-angle normal tension glaucoma (IOP ≤21 mmHg)	0.47 (0 − >3.01)	226	0.31	(0.11, 0.53)
Japanese atomic-bomb survivors¹⁹ – primary open-angle hypertensive glaucoma (IOP >21 mmHg)		36	−0.21	(−0.48, 0.21)
Japanese atomic-bomb survivors¹⁹ – primary angle-closure glaucoma		25	−0.46	(−0.71, 0.02)
Macular degeneration
US radiologic technologists (current study, unadjusted for covariates)	0.058 (0−1.51)	1331	0.73	(−0.01, 1.74)
US radiologic technologists (current study, adjusted for covariates)	0.058 (0−1.51)	1331	0.32	(−0.32, 1.27)
Japanese atomic-bomb survivors: retinal degeneration²⁰	NA (0 − >3.0)	55	0.42	(0.07, 0.88)
Japanese atomic-bomb survivors early age-related macular degeneration²¹	0.45 (0 − >2.0)	191	−0.07	(−0.25, 0.15)
Japanese atomic-bomb survivors late age-related macular degeneration²¹	0.45 (0 − >2.0)	6	−0.21	(−0.79, 1.94)

Adjusted relative risks for the present study are evaluated using a Cox model with age as timescale, with stratification by sex, race and birth year (by decade <1900, 1900–1909, …, 1950–1959, ≥1960), and with adjustment to the baseline hazard for diabetes, body mass index (BMI), smoking status (current smoker/ex-smoker/never smoker, numbers of cigarettes/day, age stopped smoking), each ascertained at the baseline survey. For each endpoint (glaucoma, macular degeneration) follow-up is restricted to those persons eligible for study (no record of radiotherapy or disease at baseline, unambiguous status at end of follow-up (with both fact and year of diagnosis known) etc)(see Methods). IOP = intraocular pressure.

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