Table 2 Results from (multivariate) analyses of covariance (M)ANCOVA.

From: Natural and sexual selection drive multivariate phenotypic divergence along climatic gradients in an invasive fish

 

Source

d.f.

F

P

Partial η2

Variance explained [%]

(a) Male standard length

Climatic PC1

1

12.339

<0.001

0.064

45.71

Climatic PC2

1

29.439

<0.001

0.140

100.00

(Climatic PC1 × PC2)

1

1.084

0.299

0.006

—

Error

180

—

—

—

—

(b) Female standard length

Climatic PC1

1

3.61

0.059

0.019

100.00

Climatic PC2

1

0.129

0.720

0.001

5.26

(Climatic PC1 × PC2)

1

1.824

0.178

0.010

—

Error

187

—

—

—

—

(c) Male life-history traits

SL

3

621.789

<0.001

0.913

100.00

Climatic PC1

3

24.126

<0.001

0.290

31.76

Climatic PC2

3

15.643

<0.001

0.210

23.00

Climatic PC1 × PC2

3

28.611

<0.001

0.327

35.82

Error

177

—

—

—

—

(d) Female life-history traits

SL

6

389.525

<0.001

0.928

100.00

Stage of development

6

0.883

0.509

0.029

6.40

Climatic PC1

6

14.843

<0.001

0.331

20.39

Climatic PC2

6

12.103

<0.001

0.287

38.29

Climatic PC1 × PC2

6

14.891

<0.001

0.332

16.27

Error

180

—

—

—

—

(e) Male morphology-related PCs

Centroid size

10

9.356

<0.001

0.346

95.31

Climatic PC1

10

10.002

<0.001

0.361

99.45

Climatic PC2

10

8.327

<0.001

0.320

88.15

Climatic PC1 × PC2

10

10.093

<0.001

0.363

100.00

Error

177

—

—

—

—

(f) Female morphology-related PCs

Centroid size

10

2.575

0.006

0.116

30.21

Climatic PC1

10

8.892

<0.001

0.311

80.99

Climatic PC2

10

12.269

<0.001

0.384

100.00

 

Climatic PC1 × PC2

10

9.700

<0.001

0.330

85.94

 

Error

197

—

—

—

—

(g) Gonopodium morphology-related PCs

Centroid size

9

18.910

<0.001

0.502

100.00

Gonopodium length

9

8.919

<0.001

0.322

64.14

Climatic PC1

9

2.880

0.003

0.133

26.49

Climatic PC2

9

3.672

<0.001

0.164

32.67

Climatic PC1 × PC2

9

2.565

0.009

0.120

23.90

Error

169

—

—

—

—

(h) Gonopodium length

SL

1

537.627

<0.001

0.735

100.00

Climatic PC1

1

0.236

0.627

0.001

0.14

Climatic PC2

1

14.654

<0.001

0.070

9.52

(Climatic PC1 × PC2)

1

0.493

0.483

0.003

0.41

 

Error

179

—

—

—

—

  1. ANCOVAs used (a) male and (b) female standard length as dependent variables, while MANCOVAs used (c) male and (d) female life-history traits, (e) male and (f) female morphology-related PCs, and (g) gonopodium morphology-related PCs as dependent variables. (h) ANCOVA on gonopodium length. Climatic information was included in the form of two covariates (‘climatic PCs’, see Table 2). We included ‘standard length’ (SL), ‘centroid size’, and ‘stage of development’ as additional covariates where applicable. Statistically significant effects are shown in bold font. Interaction terms in parentheses indicate that the term was removed from the final model since it had no significant effect in the full model. Relative variance explained was calculated from Wilk’s partial η2.
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