Table 1 Description of studies included in the systematic review.

From: The Prevalence of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder among Chinese Children and Adolescents

Author, y	City/Location	Time Frame	Region	Sample’s Age	Proportion of Boys	Sample Size	Source of Information	Screening and/or Diagnosis	Screening Criteria	Diagnostic Criteria	Original Prevalence	Risk of Bias Score
Wang RC et al.⁴¹ 1983	Baoding	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.51	1,588	T	Screening, & diagnosis	Others^a	DSM-III	0.03	5
Tang WB et al.⁴² 1987	Tianjin	≤1 year	Urban	School age	—	9,971	T and P	Screening, & diagnosis	Others^a	DSM-III	0.04	6
Zhang ML et al.¹⁷ 1991	Baotou	≤1 year	Urban, & rural	School age	0.53	14,739	T and P	Screening, & diagnosis	Conners, & Others^a	DSM-III, & Others^a	0.14	7
Wang LM et al.⁴³ 1993	Harbing	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.51	1,377	T and P	Screening, & diagnosis	Conners, & DSM-III	DSM-III	0.07	7
Tang JP et al.⁴⁴ 1993	Changsha	≤1 year	Urban	Preschool, & school age	—	1,173	T and P	Screening, & diagnosis	Others^a	CCMD-II	0.04	5
Lin YL et al.⁴⁵ 1996	Putian	≤1 year	Urban, & rural	School age	0.51	12,638	T and P	Screening, & diagnosis	Conners, & Others^a	CCMD-II-R	0.03	7
Zhang JP et al.⁴⁶ 1999	Hefei	≤1 year	Urban, & rural	School age	0.49	1,021	P	Screening	Others^a	—	0.11	6
Jiang H et al.⁴⁷ 2000	Shanghai	≤1 year	Urban, & rural	School age	0.49	1,310	T	Screening	Conners, & Others^a	—	0.04	5
Jiang L et al.⁴⁸ 2002	Zhenjiang	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.49	3,698	P	Screening	DSM-IV	—	0.07	8
Wang XL et al.⁴⁹ 2002	Xiamen	1–2 years	Urban	School age	0.50	3,989	T and P	Screening, & diagnosis	Conners	DSM-IV, & Others^a	0.06	7
Sun XY et al.⁵⁰ 2003	Zibo	≤1 year	Urban, & rural	Preschool, & school age	0.53	3,987	T and P	Screening, & diagnosis	Conners	DSM-III	0.04	7
Chen SZ et al.⁵¹ 2004	Guilin	≤1 year	Urban	Preschool, & school age	0.49	9,162	T and P	Screening, & diagnosis	Conners, & DSM-IV	DSM-IV	0.04	5
Ying WG et al.⁵² 2004	Heze	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.52	912	T and P	Diagnosis	—	CCMD-III	0.08	5
Kulibahan et al.⁵³ 2005	Kuitun	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.57	1,244	T and P	Screening, & diagnosis	Conners	DSM-IV	0.12	7
Huangfu ZM et al.⁵⁴ 2006	Foshan	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.50	2,982	P	Screening	DSM-IV	—	0.02	7
Liu L et al.⁵⁵ 2006	Ningxia	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.51	2,664	T	Screening	Conners	—	0.13	7
Zhang W et al.⁵⁶ 2007	Six cities in Mainland China	≤1 year	Urban, & rural	School age	0.49	1,051	P	Screening	DSM-IV	—	0.05	6
Yang BF et al.⁵⁷ 2007	Jining	≤1 year	Urban, & rural	School age	0.51	1,158	P	Screening	Conners	—	0.07	7
Ba JF et al.⁵⁸ 2008	Huaibei	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.55	2,141	T	Screening	Conners	—	0.08	7
Sun D et al.⁵⁹ 2008	Mudanjiang	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.56	6,994	P	Screening, & diagnosis	Conners	CCMD-III	0.09	7
Sun DF et al.⁶⁰ 2008	Shandong	≤1 year	Urban	Preschool, & school age	0.51	8,235	P	Screening, & diagnosis	DSM-IV	Others^a	0.06	7
Jiang H et al.⁶¹ 2008	Weihai	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.53	4,268	P	Screening	DSM-IV	—	0.06	7
Chang XL et al.⁶² 2009	Zhenjiang	≤1 year	Urban, & rural	Preschool age	0.51	724	P	Screening	Conners	—	0.03	7
Han LT et al.⁶³ 2010	Liaoyang	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.50	5,000	T and P	Screening, & diagnosis	Conners, DSM-IV, & Others^a	DSM-IV	0.12	6
Zhang BC et al.¹⁶ 2011	Guiyang	≤1 year	urban	School age	0.47	3,016	P	Screening, & diagnosis	Conners	DSM-IV	0.01	7
Wang HM et al.⁶⁴ 1997	Taiyuan	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.50	2,114	T and P	Screening	DSM-III-R	—	0.04	7
Zhao PF et al.⁶⁵ 2005	Shaodong	≤1 year	Urban, & rural	School age	0.51	1,069	—	Screening	Conners	—	0.09	7
Xu M et al.⁶⁶ 2005	Fuan	≤1 year	Urban	Preschool, & school age	0.51	3,738	P	Screening	DSM-III	—	0.04	5
Liang D et al.⁶⁷ 2006	Changchun	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.49	7,117	T	Screening	Conners	—	0.02	7
Liang D et al.⁶⁷ 2006	Changchun	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.49	7,117	P	Screening	Conners	—	0.01	7
Tang SW et al.⁶⁸ 2008	Urumuqi	≤1 year	Urban	Preschool age	0.49	1,967	T	Screening	Conners	—	0.08	7
Shi ST et al.⁶⁹ 2002	Yunnan	1–2 years	Urban, & rural	School age	0.50	5,650	T and P	Screening	Conners. & DSM-IV	—	0.07	5
Guo M et al.⁷⁰ 2008	Nanchang	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.54	633	T and P	Screening,& diagnosis	Conners	CCMD-III	0.06	5
Guan BQ et al.⁷¹ 2005	Six cities in Mainland China	≤1 year	Urban, & rural	School age	0.54	9,495	T and P	Screening, & diagnosis	DSM-IV	DSM-IV, & Others^a	0.06	8
Guo HL et al.⁷² 2011	Binzhou	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.43	4,275	P	Screening	DSM-IV, & Others^a	—	0.06	6
Wang SY et al.⁷³ 2014	Lanzhou	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.51	3,604	T, & P	Screening, & diagnosis	Conners	DSM-IV	0.11	7
Xu GQ et al.⁷⁴ 2012	Cixi	1–2 years	Urban	Preschool, & school age	—	1,245	—	Screening	DSM-IV	—	0.08	5
Liu F et al.⁷⁵ 2012	Liuzhou	1–2 years	Urban, & rural	School age	0.50	1,021	P	Screening, & diagnosis	DSM-IV	DSM-IV	0.04	6
Yu L et al.⁷⁶ 2013	Huizhou	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.47	6,856	P	Screening, & diagnosis	DSM-IV	DSM-IV	0.07	5
Wang LZ et al.⁷⁷ 2010	Wuxi	≤1 year	Urban	Preschool age	0.56	604	P	Screening, & diagnosis	Conners	DSM-IV	0.05	6
Zhang HY et al.⁷⁸ 2010	Lanzhou	≤1 year	Urban	Preschool, & school age	0.55	1,001	P	Screening, & diagnosis	Conners	DSM-IV	0.09	5
Li Y et al.⁷⁹ 2015	Tianjin	≤1 year	Urban	Preschool, & school age	0.59	2,046	P	Screening, & diagnosis	DSM-IV	DSM-IV, & Conners	0.14	7
Jiang HJ et al.⁸⁰ 2013	Dongyang	≤1 year	Urban	Preschool, & school age	0.53	3,882	P	Screening	Conners	—	0.05	6
Shi LJ et al.⁸¹ 2012	Leshan	≤1 year	Urban	Preschool, & school age	0.52	1,400	P	Screening	DSM-IV	—	0.04	7
Zhang CJ et al.⁸² 2014	Guiyang	≤1 year	Urban	Preschool age	0.54	4,489	T and P	Screening, & diagnosis	DSM-IV	Others^a	0.01	7
Wang AP et al.⁸³ 2011	Yiwu	≤1 year	Urban	Preschool, & school age	—	1,376	—	Screening	DSM-IV	—	0.09	7
Meng LP et al.⁸⁴ 1999	Jiaozuo	≤1 year	Urban	Preschool, & school age	0.54	904	P	Screening	DSM-III-R	—	0.10	7
Shen P,⁸⁵ 2012	Wuxi	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.54	2,397	S	Screening	CCMD-III	—	0.10	8
Wang C et al.⁸⁶ 1982	Hengyang	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.50	3,804	T and P	Diagnosis	—	DSM-III	0.07	5
Li XL et al.⁸⁷ 2012	Wulumuqi	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.53	2,066	T and P	Screening, & diagnosis	Conners	DSM-IV, & Conners	0.05	7
Luo Z et al.⁸⁸ 2013	Taizhou	≤1 year	Rural	Preschool age	—	1,699	P	Screening	Conners	—	0.12	6
He M et al.⁸⁹ 2012	Guangzhou	≤1 year	Urban	Preschool age	0.55	1,326	T and P	Screening, & diagnosis	Conners	DSM-IV	0.05	6
Jin WL et al.⁹⁰ 2009	Shanghai	≤1 year	Urban	Preschool, & school age	0.50	5,648	T and P	Screening, & diagnosis	DSM-IV	DSM-IV	0.05	6
Leung PW et al.⁹¹ 2008	Hong Kong	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.48	541	P and S	Screening	DISC-IV, & Others^a	—	0.04	10
GauSS et al.⁹² 1995	Taiwan	≤1 year	Urban, & rural	School age	0.50	1,070	T	Screening, & diagnosis	Others^a	DSM-IV	0.08	7
GauSS et al.⁹² 1996	Taiwan	≤1 year	Urban, & rural	School age	0.50	1,051	T	Screening, & diagnosis	Others^a	DSM-IV	0.06	7
GauSS et al.⁹² 1997	Taiwan	≤1 year	Urban, & rural	School age	0.50	1,035	T	Screening, & diagnosis	Others^a	DSM-IV	0.03	7
Leung PW et al.⁹³ 1996	Hong Kong	≤1 year	Urban	School age	1.00	3,069	T and P	Screening, & diagnosis	Others^a	DSM-III-R	0.09	7
Lu L et al.⁹⁴ 2003	Wuhan	≤1 year	Urban	Preschool, & school age	0.49	2,128	T and P	Screening, & diagnosis	Conners, & DSM-IV	Others^a	0.14	7
Lam LT et al.⁹⁵ 2005	Nanning	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.47	1,429	S	Diagnosis	—	DSM-IV, & Conners	0.08	8
Chien IC et al.⁹⁶ 1996	Taiwan	>2 years	Urban, & rural	Preschool, & school age	—	372,642	—	Diagnosis	—	ICD-9-CM	0.02	8
Xiaoli Y et al.²⁴ 2008	Six cities in Mainland China	≤1 year	Urban, & rural	School age	0.53	8,848	T, P and S	Screening, & diagnosis	Others^a	Others^a	0.01	9
Shen YC et al.⁹⁷ 1985	Beijing	≤1 year	Urban & rural	School age	0.51	2,770	T	Screening, & diagnosis	Others^a	DSM-III	0.06	8
Tseng WL et al.⁹⁸ 2008	Taiwan	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.52	739	P	Screening	DSM-IV	—	0.08	8
Provincial psychiatric hospital et al.¹⁵ 1980	Guiyang	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.51	4,142	—	Diagnosis	—	Others^a	0.06	7
Qu Y et al.⁹⁹ 2013	Four cities in Mainland China	1–2 years	Urban, & rural	School age	0.50	19,711	P and S	Screening, & diagnosis	Others^a	DSM-IV, & Others^a	0.05	9
Ko WR et al.¹⁰⁰ 2005	Taiwan	>2 years	Urban	Preschool, & school age	0.66	13,172	—	Diagnosis	—	ICD-9-CM	0.04	8
Xie YR et al.¹⁰¹ 1981	Guilin	≤1 year	Urban	School age	0.51	2,447	T and P	Screening, & diagnosis	Others^a	DSM-III	0.07	7
Chen MH et al.¹⁰² 2000	Taiwan	>2 years	Urban	Preschool age	0.60	9,176	—	Diagnosis	—	ICD-9-CM	0.05	8
Chen MD et al.¹⁰³ 1996	Taiwan	>2 years	Urban	Preschool, & school age	0.36	11,828	—	Diagnosis	—	ICD-9-CM	0.02	8

Conners,Conners’ Parent Rating Scale and/or Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale; DSM-III, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition; DSM-III-R, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; CCMD-II, Chinese Classification and Diagnosis of Mental Diseases, Second Edition; CCMD-II-R, Chinese Classification and Diagnosis of Mental Diseases, Revised Second Edition; CCMD-III, Chinese Classification and Diagnosis of Mental Diseases, Third Edition; ICD-9-CM, The International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification; DISC-IV, Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Version 4; —, no available data or not applicable; T, teacher; P, parent; S, student.
^aOthers appearing in both screening criteria and diagnostic criteria columns means the authors employed other types of screening criteria or diagnostic criteria, such as clinical checks, interviews, and standard questionnaires (e.g., Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Achenbach’s child behavioral checklist, Rutter’s Teacher (B2) Questionnaire and Parent (A3) Questionnaire, Standardized Chinese Version of the Child Behavior Checklist, etc.) in their prevalence studies.

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Table 1 Description of studies included in the systematic review.

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