Table 3 The associations between study characteristics and the ADHD prevalence estimates.

From: The Prevalence of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder among Chinese Children and Adolescents

Characteristics of studies

β

95% CI

F

I²-res (%)

Years of data collection (1980–1990 as index)

  

130.58*

99.15

  1991–2000

0.39*

0.30–0.47

  

  2001–2010

0.36*

0.31–0.41

  

  2011–2016

0.38*

0.31–0.45

  

Geographical location (Mainland China as index)

  

3.92*

99.80

  Hong Kong

0.38

−0.14–0.90

  

  Taiwan

0.31*

0.05–0.57

  

Time frame (≤1 year as index)

  

4.56*

99.78

  1–2 years

0.38*

0.05–0.71

  

  >2 years

0.31

−0.01–0.64

  

Region (urban areas as index)

  

11.46*

99.75

  Rural areas

0.53

−0.14–1.20

  

  Urban, & rural areas

0.35*

0.20–0.50

  

Age of participants (preschoolers as index)

  

189.18*

98.92

  School–aged children and adolescents

0.37*

0.33–0.42

  

  Preschoolers, & school–aged children and adolescents

0.37*

0.29–0.44

  

Sample size(≤2,000 as index)

  

33.34*

99.42

  2,000–5,000

0.39*

0.27–0.51

  

  >5,000

0.32*

0.20–0.44

  

Source of information (teacher as index)

  

75.62*

98.98

  Parent

0.37*

0.30–0.45

  

  Teacher, & parent

0.39*

0.31–0.46

  

  Others (Student/student, & parent/student, teacher, & parent/not reported)

0.31*

0.17–0.45

  

Procedure of screening and/or diagnosis (screening as index)

 

41.85*

99.43

  Diagnosis

0.33*

0.15–0.51

  

  Screening, & diagnosis

0.37*

0.28–0.46

  

Screening criteria (Conners as index)

  

18.78*

99.61

  DSM–III/–III–R

0.37*

0.06–0.68

  

  DSM–IV/DISC-IV

0.37*

0.24–0.50

  

Conners, & DSM–III/–IV

0.44*

0.20–0.68

  

  Others (CCMD–III/questionnaires/interviews/clinical checks, etc.)

0.35*

0.21–0.49

  

Diagnostic criteria (DSM–III/–III–R as index)

  

18.89*

99.62

  DSM-IV/DISC-IV

0.37*

0.27–0.48

  

  CCMD–II/–II-R/-III

0.36*

0.17–0.56

  

  DSM–IV, & Conners

0.42*

0.20–0.64

  

  ICD–9–CM

0.25*

0.03–0.47

  

  Others (questionnaires/interviews/clinical checks, etc.)

0.33*

0.13–0.52

  
  1. CI, Confidence Interval; Conners, Conners’ Parent Rating Scale and/or Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale; DSM-III, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition; DSM-III-R, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; CCMD-II, Chinese Classification and Diagnosis of Mental Diseases, Second Edition; CCMD-II-R, Chinese Classification and Diagnosis of Mental Diseases, Revised Second Edition; CCMD-III, Chinese Classification and Diagnosis of Mental Diseases, Third Edition; ICD-9-CM, The International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification; DISC-IV, Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Version 4; I²-res (%), the percentage of the residual variation that is attributable to between-study heterogeneity.
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