Figure 2

Serum levels of biomarkers among the three study groups. (A) Serum BDNF levels (F2,70 = 37.09, p < 0.0001). (B) Serum α-klotho levels (F2,75 = 57.26, p < 0.0001). (C) Serum FGF-23 levels (F2,74 = 11.70, p < 0.0001). (D) Serum TNF-α levels (F2,75 = 32.37, p < 0.0001). (E) Serum IL-6 levels (F2,72 = 11.80, p < 0. 0001). (F) Blood PLT count (F2,75 = 7.04, p < 0.001). Data are shown as means ± standard error of means (n = 5–7 or 20). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 or ***p < 0.001. BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; FGF-23: fibroblast growth factor-23; HC: healthy control; IL-6: interleukin-6; MCD: mild cognitive decline; NCF: normal cognitive function; N.S.: not significant; PLT: platelet; TNF-α: tumour necrosis factor-α.