Table 5 Factors Associated with Presenting, and Best-corrected Bilateral Visual Impairment (VI) or Blindness (United States Definition).
From: Trends of Visual Impairment and Blindness in the Singapore Chinese Population over a Decade
Presenting Bilateral VI or Blindness as outcome (N = 717) | Best-corrected Bilateral VI or Blindness as outcome (N = 158) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P value | |
Age (per decade) | 2.00 (1.76–2.27) | <0.001 | 3.66 (2.77–4.83) | <0.001 |
Female | 1.31 (1.04–1.67) | 0.025 | 1.34 (0.82–2.19) | 0.237 |
Medical Conditions | ||||
Hypertension | 0.92 (0.73–1.16) | 0.490 | 0.98 (0.56–1.73) | 0.956 |
Diabetes Mellitus | 0.99 (0.78–1.26) | 0.941 | 1.59 (1.04–2.44) | 0.033 |
Cardiovascular Disease | 1.10 (0.77–1.57) | 0.598 | 1.27 (0.72–2.23) | 0.407 |
Chronic Kidney Disease | 1.26 (0.90–1.75) | 0.174 | 1.19 (0.72–1.97) | 0.497 |
BMI category | ||||
Normal BMI | Reference | Reference | ||
Underweight | 1.19 (0.80–1.76) | 0.395 | 1.08 (0.53–2.22) | 0.825 |
Overweight | 0.89 (0.71–1.12) | 0.336 | 0.87 (0.67–1.12) | 0.078 |
Obese | 0.83 (0.53–1.30) | 0.418 | 0.92 (0.38–2.19) | 0.872 |
Smoking category | ||||
Never-smoked | Reference | Reference | ||
Current | 1.33 (0.96–1.92) | 0.082 | 1.47 (0.77–2.78) | 0.243 |
Past | 1.19 (0.88–1.63) | 0.264 | 1.25 (0.71–2.23) | 0.439 |
Alcohol Consumption | 0.93 (0.66–1.32) | 0.696 | 1.35 (0.67–2.72) | 0.408 |
Housing type | ||||
≥5 room public housing flat | Reference | Reference | ||
3–4 room public housing flat | 1.50 (1.21–1.87) | <0.001 | 1.23 (0.78–1.96) | 0.373 |
1–2 room public housing flat | 2.58 (1.48–4.49) | 0.001 | 2.00 (0.83–4.80) | 0.123 |
Monthly Income category | ||||
≥S$2000 | Reference | Reference | ||
<S$2000 | 1.64 (1.23–2.19) | 0.001 | 2.73 (0.95–7.86) | 0.063 |
Education category | ||||
Formal education | Reference | Reference | ||
No formal education | 1.66 (1.32–2.08) | <0.001 | 1.72 (1.12–2.66) | 0.014 |
