Table 2 Time-dependent Cox proportional hazard model analysis for non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy associated with juvenile-onset T1DM.

From: Nomogram for prediction of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in juvenile-onset type 1 diabetes: a cohort study in an Asian population

Variable

Multivariable model

Reduced model

B

HR (95% CI)

P value

B

HR (95% CI)

P value

Male

−0.921

0.40 (0.19, 0.85)

0.016

−0.672

0.51 (0.26, 0.99)

0.047

Onset of T1DM at age 5–14 yrs

1.852

6.38 (2.41, 16.87)

<0.001

1.701

5.48 (2.25, 13.38)

<0.001

Duration of T1DM (yr)a

0.451

1.57 (1.41, 1.75)

<0.001

0.439

1.55 (1.40, 1.72)

<0.001

Body mass index (kg/m2)

−0.049

0.95 (0.85, 1.07)

0.402

   

HbA1c level (%)a

0.445

1.56 (1.35, 1.80)

<0.001

0.454

1.58 (1.39, 1.79)

<0.001

Annual mean of lab results

   LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)b

0.007

1.01 (1.00, 1.02)

0.139

   

   Triglycerides (mg/dl)b

0.010

1.01 (0.98, 1.04)

0.527

   

   HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)b

−0.010

0.99 (0.97, 1.01)

0.349

   

   Serum creatinine (mg/dl)b

0.851

2.34 (0.78, 7.02)

0.129

   
  1. T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus, B: regression coefficient, CI: confidence interval, HR: hazard ratio, yr: year, HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, HDL: high-density lipoprotein.
  2. aTime-dependent covariate at each HbA1c exam.
  3. bTime-dependent covariate using the mean value during a year of exam.