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Figure 1

From: Immobilization stress-induced Escherichia coli causes anxiety by inducing NF-κB activation through gut microbiota disturbance

Figure 1

Immobilization stress (IS) induced anxiety-like behaviors and colitis in mice. Experimental time (a). Anxiety-like behaviors of mice were measured in the EPM (b) (time spent in open arms [OT] and open arm entries [OE]), MB (marble buried, c) and LDT (d, time spent in light area [TL] and number of transitions [NT]). Control mice (NC) were not treated with IS. NF-κB (p-p65 and p65), BDNF, claudin-5, and β-actin were measured in the hippocampus by immunoblotting (e). Brain TNF-α (f) IL-1β (g) and IL-6 levels (h) were analyzed by ELISA kit. Iba-1+/CD11b+ and CD11b+/CD11b+ populations were assayed in CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus by a confocal microscope (i). Blood corticosterone (j) TNF-α (k), IL-6 (l) and LPS levels (m) were analyzed by ELISA or LAL kit. Colitis markers colon length (n) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (o) were measured in the colon. Colonic iNOS and COX-2 expression, NF-κB activation (p) and tight junction proteins (occludin and claudin-1), and β-actin (q) were analyzed by immunoblotting. Fecal LPS level (r) and CD11b+/CD11b+ population (s) were analyzed by ELISA kit and confocal microscope (i) respectively. All data except immunoblotting data (n = 4) were expressed as mean ± SD (n = 8). #p < 0.05 vs. NC group.

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