Table 3 Macromammal faunal assemblage NISP values represented in the levels of the archaeological sites sampled in this study, indicating when available references of taphonomic studies.

From: Changing environments during the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic transition in the eastern Cantabrian Region (Spain): direct evidence from stable isotope studies on ungulate bones

Site and Level

Axlor

Amalda

Labeko Koba

Ekain

Aitzbitarte III

Bolinkoba

Amalda

NISP total per cultural periods

VIII

VI+V

IV

VII

IX lower

VI

V

IV

IXb

Vb central

Vb upper

Va

IV

VI/F

VI

Cultural attribution

Mousterian

Châtelperronian

Aurignacian

Gravettian

Moust.

Châtel.

Aurig.

Gravet.

Mammuth primigenius

6

5

0

11

Equus ferus

3

23

64

48

210

36

61

53

12

2

101

138

210

162

103

Bovini

2

61

160

58

143

175

290

161

21

51

53

105

180

1

99

281

143

698

438

Capra pyrenaica

28

117

179

61

 

9

236

385

245

Rupicapra rupicapra

13

75

10

536

4

7

8

133

22

9

44

88

1

2769

634

174

2911

Megaloceros giganteus

1

0

0

0

0

1

Cervus elaphus

120

292

127

150

792

59

29

13

26

71

65

53

72

2

274

689

792

198

466

Rangifer tarandus

0

0

7

0

14

1

1

4

2

0

2

7

14

2

8

Capreolus capreolus

1

1

0

3

0

1

6

3

8

5

0

17

5

10

30

Sus scrofa

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

3

2

3

Sub-Total

168

570

547

856

1159

275

393

243

186

159

127

214

349

13

3501

2141

1159

1256

4204

Canis lupus

3

1

17

2

1

2

2

2

37

21

5

41

Vulpes vulpes

3

29

2

67

6

16

10

4

4

133

32

2

99

141

Alopex lagopus

5

23

1

5

24

Cuon alpinus

1

1

1

1

Ursus spelaeus

1

1

3

58

3

20

4

29

10

7

103

63

3

53

120

Meles meles

1

1

Mustela erminea

1

5

6

Mustela nivalis

8

8

5

21

8

34

Mustela putorius

1

1

Crocuta crocuta

3

55

43

2

9

0

2

1

1

11

3

55

56

13

Panthera leo

1

1

Panthera pardus

3

1

3

3

4

Lynx

1

1

1

1

Felis silvestris

1

1

1

1

Marmota marmota

1

1

 

2

Sub-Total

2

6

8

111

60

132

10

29

41

13

23

62

1

289

127

60

227

388

TOTAL

170

576

555

967

1219

407

403

272

227

174

140

237

411

14

3790

2268

1219

1483

4592

Taphonomic analysis

NO

YES

YES

YES

YES

NO

YES

 

References

49, 54, 55

40, 41, 138

65, 81

53, 69

42

58

40, 41, 71