Table 2 Changing trends of antibiotic use after the major intervention (restrictive measure for designated antibiotics) and the minor intervention (monitoring for unnecessary double anaerobic coverage prescription).

Carbapenems

−30.58

11.14

(−53.98 to −7.18)

0.013

−7.04

2.20

(−11.66 to −2.42)

0.005

3.76

2.21

(−0.89 to 8.41)

0.106

Glycopeptides

−8.52

6.17

(−21.48 to 4.44)

0.184

−6.01

1.24

(−8.62 to −3.40)

<0.001

4.99

1.39

(2.07 to 7.91)

0.002

Oxazolidinone

0.15

1.98

(−4.02 to 4.31)

0.942

−0.43

0.36

(−1.19 to 0.33)

0.248

0.07

0.36

(−0.68 to 0.83)

0.841

Polymyxin

−3.48

2.05

(−7.78 to 0.82)

0.106

−0.14

0.37

(−0.92 to 0.63)

0.702

1.19

0.55

(0.04 to 2.34)

0.043

Tigecycline

4.96

3.82

(−3.06 to 12.98)

0.210

−0.24

0.65

(−1.62 to 1.13)

0.712

0.41

0.77

(−1.21 to 2.02)

0.601

Subtotal

−37.47

15.69

(−70.44 to −4.50)

0.028

−13.87

3.20

(−20.59 to −7.16)

<0.001

10.43

3.31

(3.47 to 17.38)

0.006

3^rd CEPs

13.86

12.18

(−11.72 to 39.44)

0.270

−6.09

2.32

(−10.95 to −1.22)

0.017

0.52

2.47

(−4.67 to 5.72)

0.835

4^th CEPs

3.66

4.82

(−6.46 to 13.79)

0.457

2.88

1.10

(0.55 to 5.20)

0.018

−5.95

1.22

(−8.51 to −3.38)

<0.001

BL/BLIs

50.30

16.2

(16.26 to 84.33)

0.006

−2.83

3.39

(−9.95 to 4.28)

0.414

−7.23

3.96

(−15.55 to 1.10)

0.085

FQs

1.54

8.57

(−16.46 to 19.55)

0.859

−7.77

2.18

(−12.35 to −3.20)

0.002

1.40

3.67

(−6.32 to 9.11)

0.708

Subtotal

69.37

23.35

(20.30 to 118.44)

0.008

−13.82

4.57

(−23.41 to −4.22)

0.007

−11.25

8.66

(−29.45 to 6.94)

0.210

1^st CEPs

−0.84

15.79

(−34.02 to 32.34)

0.958

−0.61

2.89

(−6.68 to 5.46)

0.836

9.65

3.52

(2.26 to 17.04)

0.013

2^nd CEPs

−1.76

13.63

(−30.39 to 26.88)

0.899

5.12

2.70

(−0.55 to 10.80)

0.074

−4.80

2.74

(−12.56 to −1.03)

0.023

AGs

3.19

3.72

(−4.63 to 11.02)

0.402

0.64

0.65

(−0.73 to 2.00)

0.341

−4.54

1.58

(−7.86 to −1.22)

0.01

Lincosamide

5.72

3.38

(−1.38 to 12.82)

0.108

0.09

0.79

(−1.56 to 1.75)

0.906

−0.33

0.95

(−2.33 to 1.66)

0.728

Macrolides

38.26

21.62

(−7.17 to 83.69)

0.084

1.30

4.51

(−8.19 to 10.78)

0.777

−3.58

4.08

(−12.15 to 4.98)

0.391

Metronidazole

−9.34

14.54

(−39.90 to 21.22)

0.529

−1.23

2.32

(−6.12 to 3.65)

0.603

−13.86

2.61

(−19.34 to −8.38)

<0.001

Monobactam

1.68

0.89

(−0.19 to 3.55)

0.076

−0.34

0.15

(−0.65 to −0.02)

0.036

0.26

0.17

(−0.10 to 0.62)

0.146

Penicillins

4.16

3.81

(−3.84 to 12.17)

0.289

0.14

0.70

(−1.34 to 1.62)

0.845

0.83

0.88

(−1.01 to 2.67)

0.357

Tetracyclines

4.01

3.25

(−9.36 to 33.62)

0.233

−0.13

0.65

(−4.56 to 2.31)

0.847

0.80

0.66

(−3.52 to 3.86)

0.238

SXT

12.13

10.23

(−2.82 to 10.85)

0.251

−1.13

1.63

(−1.50 to 1.24)

0.499

0.17

1.76

(−0.58 to 2.19)

0.925

Subtotal

57.22

34.63

(−15.54 to 129.99)

0.116

3.86

7.84

(−12.62 to 20.34)

0.629

−17.40

7.78

(−33.74 to −1.06)

0.038

Total

89.12

42.46

(−0.09 to 178.34)

0.050

−23.83

9.40

(−43.59 to −4.08)

0.021

−18.23

10.86

(−41.05 to 4.59)

0.111

Carbapenems

−449.90

91.91

(−642.99 to −256.81)

<0.001

−51.89

18.53

(−90.83 to −12.95)

0.012

12.08

18.56

(−26.90 to 51.07)

0.523

Glycopeptides

−299.73

90.48

(−489.83 to−109.64)

0.004

−37.64

16.06

(−71.37 to −3.90)

0.031

0.94

14.55

(−29.63 to 31.51)

0.949

Oxazolidinone

−3.33

3.97

(−11.68 to 5.02)

0.413

0.92

1.16

(−1.52 to 3.35)

0.439

−7.35

1.42

(−10.33 to −4.38)

<0.001

Polymyxin

−53.60

34.19

(−125.43 to 18.24)

0.134

−6.57

6.04

(−19.27 to 6.13)

0.291

6.32

6.98

(−8.34 to 20.98)

0.377

Tigecycline

49.93

25.86

(−10.41 to 98.26)

0.107

−0.38

5.14

(−11.18 to 10.42)

0.942

12.18

6.12

(−0.67 to 25.04)

0.062

Subtotal

−762.64

178.52

(−1137.70 to −387.58)

<0.001

−95.56

32.5

(−163.83 to −27.29)

0.009

24.18

31.59

(−42.18 to 90.54)

0.454

3^rd CEPs

59.89

82.56

(−113.57 to 233.35)

0.478

−18.95

17.00

(−54.68 to 16.77)

0.280

35.8

20.14

(−6.51 to 78.11)

0.092

4^th CEPs

2.89

22.77

(−44.96 to 50.74)

0.900

13.82

7.49

(−1.92 to 29.56)

0.082

−9.74

8.90

(−28.44 to 8.95)

0.288

BL/BLIs

49.61

108.13

(−177.35 to 276.57)

0.652

−8.96

17.04

(−44.75 to 26.84)

0.606

12.71

17.54

(−24.15 to 49.57)

0.478

FQs

−216.75

85.87

(−397.15 to −36.35)

0.021

−34.8

13.95

(−64.12 to −5.49)

0.023

32.93

25.43

(−20.50 to 86.36)

0.212

Subtotal

−104.36

112.45

(−340.62 to 131.90)

0.366

−48.89

21.78

(−94.66 to −3.13)

0.038

71.69

37.45

(−6.98 to 150.37)

0.072

1^st CEPs

64.69

23.56

(15.20 to 114.18)

0.013

−9.47

4.10

(−18.09 to −0.86)

0.033

22.74

5.35

(11.50 to 33.98)

<0.001

2^nd CEPs

47.10

51.63

(−61.36 to 155.56)

0.374

31.26

11.35

(7.43 to 55.10)

0.013

−13.91

20.24

(−56.44 to 28.62)

0.501

AGs

40.68

15.16

(8.82 to 72.54)

0.015

6.18

2.72

(0.47 to 11.89)

0.035

−37.87

8.53

(−55.79 to −19.94)

<0.001

Lincosamide

22.77

21.56

(−22.51 to 68.06)

0.305

8.69

4.83

(−1.47 to 18.84)

0.089

−7.99

5.05

(−18.60 to 2.62)

0.131

Macrolides

−17.82

34.18

(−89.64 to 53.99)

0.608

−9.47

6.27

(−22.64 to 3.70)

0.148

13.34

7.99

(−3.45 to 30.12)

0.112

Metronidazole

−119.90

73.71

(−274.77 to 34.96)

0.121

−6.88

14.69

(−37.74 to 23.98)

0.645

13.14

21.9

(−32.87 to 59.16)

0.556

Monobactam

−7.11

5.69

(−19.06 to 4.83)

0.227

0.00

1.15

(−2.42 to 2.42)

1.000

2.23

1.51

(−1.06 to 5.30)

0.179

Penicillins

10.34

8.48

(−7.47 to 28.15)

0.238

2.66

2.81

(−3.26 to 8.57)

0.357

−6.52

4.55

(−16.08 to 3.04)

0.169

Tetracyclines

3.53

7.10

(8.36 to 47.87)

0.625

2.63

2.24

(−7.02 to 4.60)

0.256

−2.85

2.57

(−3.87 to 20.45)

0.283

SXT

28.11

9.40

(−11.39 to 18.45)

0.008

−1.21

2.76

(−2.08 to 7.33)

0.667

8.29

5.79

(−8.25 to 2.56)

0.169

Subtotal

72.39

79.28

(−94.17 to 238.95)

0.373

24.39

15.36

(−7.88 to 56.66)

0.130

−9.51

34.50

(−81.99 to 62.97)

0.786

Total

−794.61

223.29

(−1263.73 to −325.49)

0.002

−120.06

36.17

(−196.06 to −44.06)

0.004

86.36

68.56

(−57.68 to 230.39)

0.224