Figure 3

Comparison of weekly fasting blood glucose levels (FBG), presentation of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistant (HOMA-IR) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) after 4 weeks(study I) and 8 weeks (study II) of fructose ingestion. The FBG, OGTT, HOMA-IR, ITT at developing (a–d) and adulthood (e–h) stages in normal (blue line), fructose-control (red line) and AM-HM (green line) treated groups are represented. The FBG was lowest in 4AMR and 8AMR. In studies I and II, the AUC-OGTT was highest in FDR as compared to NDR. HOMA-IR, an indicator of feedback loop between the liver and the β-cell, was significantly elevated in 4FDR and 4AMR, as compared to 4NDR and 4FDR, respectively. In study II, the significantly raised HOMA-IR value in 8FDR as compared to 8NDR was reverted in 8AMR. In ITT, the simulated hypoglycemic response in 4NDR, 4AMR was parallel. The hypoglycemia nadir in 4FDR was at the same time point as 4NDR, albeit significantly steeper, implying impairment of HPA axis. In study II, at adulthood, the animals in 8FDR recorded a delayed and attenuated response to insulin in terms of lowering blood glucose levels, evidencing an IR state, which was overcome in 8AMR. All values are mean ± SEM; (n = 6), *p < 0.05 vs NDR, ^#p < 0.001 vs FDR.