Figure 7

Effect of AM-HM on the molecular markers of IR in HepG2 when they are grown in fructose-rich media. Treatment of HepG2 cells grown in media either without glucose (NC) or with 0.55 mM fructose(FC1) or with 1 mM fructose (FC2) or with 1 mM fructose + 0.1 µM Insulin (FC3) with AM-HM (75 µg/ml), AM-H (75 µg/ml), AM-C (75 µg/ml), AM-EA (75 µg/ml), AM-B (75 µg/ml) or AM-A (75 µg/ml) for 48 hours. The AM-HM and AM-B reduced the activities of molecular markers of insulin resistance, lipogenesis and inflammation- PI3K (ng/ml), signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (mAU), mitochondrial target of rapamycin, mTOR (mAU), hypoxia-induced factor, HIF-1α vascular endothelium growth factor(ng/ml), vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF, (pg/ml) and tumor necrosis factor, TNF-α (pg/ml), a marker of inflammation and insulin resistance in FC1 and FC2. The effect of AM-HM and AM-B was augmented by insulin in FC3. Each value is the mean ± SD of n = 3. *p < 0.05, vs control using student-t-test.