Table 1 Comparison of visceral weight, lipid profile, liver function test, activities of pro-inflammatory markers and enzymes of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis after 4 weeks(study I) and 8 weeks (study II) of fructose ingestion.

From: Molecular and Metabolic Markers of Fructose Induced Hepatic Insulin Resistance in Developing and Adult Rats are Distinct and Aegle marmelos is an Effective Modulator

Parameters

4NDR

4FDR

4AMR

8NDR

8FDR

8AMR

Heart(g)

0.649 ± 0.032

0.752 ± 0.103

1.232 ± 0.123#

0.934 ± 0.133

0.998 ± 0.054

0.711 ± 0.046#

Kidney(g)

0.626 ± 0.098

0.759 ± 0.105

1.245 ± 0.146#

0.865 ± 0.060

0.888 ± 0.067

0.757 ± 0.090

Liver(g)

4.750 ± 0.543

7.367 ± 1.149*

6.467 ± 0.594#

6.776 ± 1.191

8.162 ± 0.534*

6.800 ± 0.083#

Plasma Leptin level(pg/ml)

1165.233 ± 455.652

466.76 ± 322.069

738.3 ± 183.785

266.266 ± 30.157

3413.933 ± 36.081*

3249.1 ± 47.113#

Plasma Gherlin (ng/mL)

455.071 ± 66.235

6.140 ± 0.381*

427.149 ± 14.386#

580.573 ± 1.923

746.260 ± 17.745*

529.323 ± 14.790#

Insulin

(µIU/mL)

11.967 ± 3.597

13.278 ± 4.448

26.147 ± 0.189#

14.754 ± 7.195

102.250 ± 8.995*

18.196 ± 4.550#

Total cholesterol(mg/dl)

112.666 ± 17.351

99.666 ± 5.085

117.333 ± 12.209#

64.666 ± 2.886

65 ± 7

72.666 ± 13.051

TG(mg/dl)

79.666 ± 18.980

91.333 ± 8.066*

63.333 ± 24.695#

39.666 ± 9.712

188 ± 74*

59 ± 9.643#

HDL(mg/dl)

74.666 ± 3.141

69.333 ± 7.174*

78 ± 7.797#

45 ± 2

40.333 ± 3.214*

47.666 ± 8.504#

LDL(mg/dl)

22.066 ± 13.458

37.733 ± 1.342*

12.4 ± 1.350#

11.733 ± 2.995

13.2 ± 11.301

13.2 ± 4.703#

VLDL(mg/dl)

15.933 ± 3.796

18.266 ± 1.613

46.066 ± 4.939#

7.933 ± 1.942

37.6 ± 14.8*

11.8 ± 1.928#

Serum Uric acid (n mol/mL)

1346.875 ± 70.374

2100 ± 59.844*

1643.75 ± 40.799#

1162.5 ± 88.388

2381.25 ± 35.355*

1834.375 ± 61.871#

Liver Aspartate Transaminase (IU/L)

321.950 ± 132.944

189.218 ± 0.719*

158.677 ± 219.528#

124.097 ± 14.599

255.755 ± 52.986*

98.506 ± 44.211#

Liver Alanine Transaminase (IU/L)

491.975 ± 28.170

398.124 ± 26.878*

494.058 ± 83.987#

166.899 ± 60.341

396.827 ± 17.419*

151.93 ± 62.924#

Protein Level (μg/ml)

567.7 ± 282.962

606.033 ± 98.398*

464.700 ± 254.242#

1401.367 ± 24.041

1226.367 ± 18.384*

1357.033 ± 24.006#

HIF 1α (ng/ml)

0.334 ± 0.034

0.377 ± 0.025*

0.129 ± 0.144#

0.254 ± 0.032

2.312 ± 1.766*

0.349 ± 0.029#

VEGF (pg/ml)

2387 ± 94.280

822 ± 10.066*

437 ± 89.566#

500.333 ± 4.714

1068.667 ± 21.213*

515.333 ± 16.499#

TNF α (pg/ml)

14823 ± 38.890

17570.5 ± 49.497*

14948 ± 215.667#

14700.5 ± 247.487

15658 ± 24.748*

15155.5 ± 63.639

Glycogen (mg of glycogen/100 g tissue)

23.560 ± 10.368

84.261 ± 78.347*

36.742 ± 19.761#

57.5 ± 14.840

174.488 ± 15.918*

53.693 ± 7.645#

G6Pase (ng/10 mg)

47.095 ± 14.113

54.324 ± 23.869*

144.655 ± 76.867#

153.507 ± 80.693

161.947 ± 95.923*

129.494 ± 6.628#

FBPase (ng/10 mg)

29.897 ± 17.189

3.061 ± 16.182*

23.609 ± 22.775#

42.015 ± 16.006

49.808 ± 33.342*

56.492 ± 3.499 #

HK (IU/mL)

13.333 ± 0.648

17.729 ± 21.419*

21.458 ± 22.214#

20 ± 7.542

4.229 ± 1.207*

24.479 ± 3.388#

LDH (μMol)

0.531 ± 0.180

3.406 ± 0.142*

1.289 ± 0.205#

1.345 ± 0.159

3.401 ± 0.277

0.423 ± 0.795

ALDH (IU/mL)

99.516 ± 46.112

112.086 ± 104.722*

162.497 ± 94.107#

81.636 ± 21.590

127.686 ± 57.405*

65.633 ± 20.329#

ALK(IU/mL)

10.566 ± 7.841

50.215 ± 4.875*

21.550 ± 13.469#

22.387 ± 8.945

33.616 ± 11.442*

29.571 ± 7.371#

PFK (ng/ml)

12.761 ± 2.104

18.214 ± 3.552*

10.261 ± 2.205#

19.357 ± 4.865

12.809 ± 0.353*

12 ± 0.353

  1. The rise in weight of liver, insulin concentration, triglyceride level, glycogen content, pro-inflammatory markers after fructose ingestion, is phenomenal at developing than at adulthood stage. All values are mean ± SEM; (n = 6), *p < 0.05 vs NDR, #p < 0.001 vs FDR.
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