Figure 4

Indirect effect of treatments on C. difficile cytotoxicity on (A) Vero cells and (B) HT-29 cells. Concentrations of agents used in the assay: Fresh onion bulb extract (25% and 12.5% v/v); Garlic clove powder (4.7 and 2.3 mg/ml); Leptospermum honey (A), (B) and (C) (8% and 4% v/v); trans-Cinnamaldehyde (0.01% and 0.005 v/v); Zingerone (4.7 and 2.3 mg/ml); Fidaxomicin (0.06 µg/ml). Statistical significance: ^∆P < 0.05, ^ΟP < 0.01, *P < 0.001 compared to controls; *LH, Leptospermum honey; SDW, sterile distilled water; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide.