Figure 1

A map of North Korea with the provincial boundaries (a) and geographic locations (b–d) considered in this study in South Korea. The sites include experimental fields in satellite imagery at the branch station of National Institute of Crop Research in Cheorwon (b) for parameterization of the initial-condition of the GRAMI model and Cheorwon (c) and Paju (d) for validation of the model for crop productivity of North Korea. The satellite imagery was obtained from Google Earth Pro 7.3.1 (Google Inc., CA, the USA).