Table 1 Daily NEOC intake, survival and body mass for honey bees exposed to IMI and THM for 10 days.

From: Chronic exposure to imidacloprid or thiamethoxam neonicotinoid causes oxidative damages and alters carotenoid-retinoid levels in caged honey bees (Apis mellifera)

NEOC (ng/100 ml syrup)

Daily syrup intake (μl/bee)

Daily NEOC-intake (pg/bee)a

Survival (%)

Body mass (g)b

IMI

0 (Control)

39.2 ± 7.0

0.0

94.8 ± 7.0

1.46 ± 0.06

6

33.8 ± 3.4

2.1

96.4 ± 5.4

1.43 ± 0.07

20

39.2 ± 1.1

7.9

98.6 ± 2.8

1.44 ± 0.05

60

39.1 ± 1.2

25.2

94.9 ± 4.8

1.51 ± 0.05

200

39.2 ± 5.5

81.0

97.9 ± 2.7

1.45 ± 0.06

THM

0 (Control)

32.4 ± 3.3

0.0

99.3 ± 1.4

1.43 ± 0.07

12

32.6 ± 4.3

4.1

98.6 ± 2.9

1.45 ± 0.04

40

32.7 ± 6.7

12.9

97.2 ± 2.2

1.40 ± 0.09

120

32.0 ± 4.3

42.0

95.1 ± 2.7*

1.41 ± 0.06

400

29.5 ± 3.1

124.3

100 ± 0.0

1.40 ± 0.06

  1. aEstimated values: NEOC concentration in syrup (pg/μl) x daily syrup intake (μl/bee) (see Materials and methods section for details).
  2. bEstimated values for 10 bees.
  3. Values (means ± SD) are for 4 replicates (cages) per concentration (≈120 bees). *p < 0.05 Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test.
Back to article page