Table 1 Participants’ characteristics.

From: K-variant BCHE and pesticide exposure: Gene-environment interactions in a case–control study of Parkinson’s disease in Egypt

Characteristic

PD cases (n = 416)

Controls (n = 445)

OR

95% CI

P-Value

Sex (male) [n (%)]

253 (60.8)

263 (59.1)

1.074

(0.82–1.41)

0.608

Age (y) [mean (SD)]

58.4 (8.8)

48.6 (11.8)

2.56*

(2.18–3.02)

<0.001*

Age at diagnosis (y) [mean (SD)]

55.0 (8.8)

n.a.

   

Disease duration (y) [mean (SD)]

3.5 (2.8)

n.a.

   

Hoehn & Yahr stage

   Stage 1 [n (%)]

121 (29.1)

n.a.

   

   Stage 1.5 [n (%)]

111 (26.7)

n.a.

   

   Stage 2 [n (%)]

107 (25.7)

n.a.

   

   Stage 2.5 [n (%)]

20 (4.8)

n.a.

   

   Stage 3 [n (%)]

40 (9.6)

n.a.

   

   Stage 4 [n (%)]

14 (3.4)

n.a.

   

   Stage 5 [n (%)]

3 (0.7)

n.a.

   

Head trauma [n (%)]

10(2.4)

19 (4.3)

0.55

(0.24–1.17)

0.135

Rural living

   Most of life [n (%)]

142 (34.1)

135 (30.3)

1.19

(0.89–1.59)

0.233

   Childhood [n (%)]

138 (33.2)

135 (30.3)

1.14

(0.86–1.52)

0.372

Well water drinking [n (%)]

27 (6.5)

0 (0.0)

n.a.

n.a.

<0.001‡

Illiteracy [n (%)]

129 (31.0)

100 (22.5)

1.55

(1.14–2.11)

0.005

Coffee consumption [n (%)]

66 (15.9)

134 (30.1)

0.44

(0.31–0.61)

<0.001

Black tea consumption [n (%)]

391 (94.0)

418 (93.9)

1.01

(0.58–1.77)

0.972

Cigarette smoking [n (%)]

69 (16.6)

78 (17.5)

0.94

(0.65–1.33)

0.714

Shisha smoking [n (%)]

39 (9.4)

31 (7.0)

1.38

(0.85–2.27)

0.198

Pesticide exposure#

163 (39.2)

148 (33.2)

1.29

(0.98 1.71)

0.071

Use of pesticides vs. non-exposed

   At home only [n (%)]

44 (14.8)

48 (13.9)

1.08

(0.69–1.68)

0.745

   At work [n (%)]

87 (25.6)

69 (18.8)

1.48

(1.04–2.12)

0.032

Pesticide classes used at home or/and at work vs. non-exposed

   Insecticides only [n (%)]

82 (24.5)

104 (25.9)

0.93

(0.66–1.29)

0.926

   Herbicides and other [n (%)]

46 (15.4)

11 (3.6)

4.91

(2.58–9.94)

<0.001

  1. Odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI) and P-value were calculated using logistic regression; *OR and CI calculated by logistic regression analysis for the ~10-year age difference between cases and controls. #Ever use of pesticides at home or at work, or >50% lifetime residence in rural areas. ‡Calculated using Fisher’s exact test because the logistic regression did not converge. The odds ratio for well water drinking could not be calculated because none of the controls drank well water. n.a., not applicable.
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