Figure 1

(a) Schematic representation of the bioreactor chamber including the scaffold holder and the MC connector linked by a silicone tube; medium perfusion through the scaffold is achieved by bidirectional oscillation (270° spanned angle) along the axis perpendicular to the culture chamber. (b) Detailed scheme of the scaffold holder composed by two complementary parts housing electrodes, two round arrays of pillars and glass windows. (c) Representation of the two functioning positions of the scaffold holder to hold the construct during culture (top) and to release it for testing (bottom). (d) The OPB bioreactor housing the PDMS culture chambers mounted on 3D printed supporting disks; the newly designed chamber allows the optical assessment of constructs during perfusion and electrical stimulation.