Table 1 Coding criteria for the responses during Session 2.
Response | Coding Criteria |
|---|---|
Looking time (0.981) | The duration of visual fixations towards the stimulus. NOTE: Blinks were considered as part of a continuous fixation to the stimulus. |
Positive Facial Expression (0.973) | Specific movements in both of the following face regions should be displayed. Upper Face (eyes, brows, forehead): eyes are squinted or do not change, furrow below the eyes deepens. Lower Face: cheeks are raised, lip corners are raised (either unilaterally or bilaterally). Note: when a brow movement originated in eye/head movement (e.g., infant looking up/down), the action was not coded as brow movement. |
Negative Facial Expression (1.000) | Specific movements in both of the following face regions should be displayed. Upper Face (eyes, brows, forehead): inner corner of the eyebrows are lowered and drawn together resulting in furrows between the eyes, inner corners of the eyebrows are raised and drawn together resulting in furrows in the middle of forehead, squinted eyes, furrow below the eyes deepens. Lower Face: Wide-opened square mouth specific for cry, sad pout, lips pressed together. Note: when a brow movement originated in eye/head movement (e.g., infant looking up/down), the action was not coded as brow movement. |
Positive Vocalizations (0.976) | Any vocal production that can be identified as being positively toned, including laughter, babbling with positive prosody, and squealing. |
Negative Vocalizations (1.000) | Any vocal production that can be identified as being negatively toned, including whimpering, whining, mild protest, cry/scream. |
Neutral Vocalizations (0.982) | Any vocal production that cannot be evaluated as having either positive or negative emotional intonation (e.g., emotionally neutral babbling). |
Approach (0.976) | Changes in the upper body position which reduce the distance between the participant and the screen. In order to be coded as approach, these responses need to be associated by visual engagement with the stimulus. |
Withdraw (0.978) | Changes in the upper body position which increase the distance between the participant and the screen. Attempts to escape from the chair, including turning away, leaning away, arching back, or twisting in the chair were also coded as withdraw behaviors. Some of these behaviors may be associated with visual disengagement from the stimulus, although this was not mandatory. Head turning in the absence of the upper body turning away was not coded as withdraw behavior. |
