Table 10 Summary of hierarchical multiple regressions that tested the predictive power of English orthographic knowledge, phonological awareness and English typewriting measures on English reading, dictation and typewriting speed after controlling for differences in age, HKDSE English and English handwriting time

Step	Variable	All participants (n = 140)
		English Word Reading				English Dictation				English Typewriting Speed
		ΔR²		β		ΔR²		β		ΔR²		β
1	Age	0.012				0.013				0.001
2	HKDSE English	0.363^***				0.441^***				0.186^***
3	Handwriting time	0.002				0.001				0.005
4	Typewriting speed	0.049^***		0.246^***		0.093^***		0.340^***		—		—
4	Typewriting time	0.048^***		0.233^***		0.051^***		0.240^***		0.108^***		0.349^***
4	Orthographic knowledge	0.150^***		0.481^***		0.175^***		0.519^***		0.073^***		0.336^***
4	Phonological awareness	0.090^***		0.334^***		0.059^***		0.271^***		0.010		0.114
Step	Variable	Orthographic-based typewriting group (n = 60)						Pronunciation-based typewriting group (n = 80)
		English Word Reading		English Dictation		English Typewriting Speed		English Word Reading		English Dictation		English Typewriting Speed
		ΔR ²	β	ΔR ²	β	ΔR ²	β	ΔR ²	β	ΔR ²	β	ΔR ²	β
1	Age	0.049^ǂ		0.037		0.009		0.002		0.001		0.002
2	HKDSE English	0.411^***		0.546^***		0.231^***		0.338^***		0.374^***		0.160^***
3	Handwriting time	0.003		0.008		0.000		0.000		0.001		0.010
4	Typewriting speed	0.057^*	0.274^***	0.088^***	0.340^***	—	—	0.057^*	0.263^*	0.118^***	0.378^***	—	—
4	Typewriting time	0.080^**	0.302**	0.122^***	0.373^***	0.131^***	0.386^***	0.016	0.133	0.015	0.130	0.089^**	0.317**
4	Orthographic knowledge	0.108^***	0.464^***	0.095^***	0.435 ^***	0.073^*	0.381^*	0.179^***	0.495^***	0.217^***	0.546^***	0.095**	0.360**
4	Phonological awareness	0.039*	0.242*	0.076^***	0.339^***	0.043^ǂ	0.256^ǂ	0.111^***	0.354^***	0.038^*	0.207^*	0.003	0.055

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