Table 2 Comparisons of peak pressure, maximum force and contact area for each condition (N = 28).

From: Effects of a contoured foot orthosis and flat insole on plantar pressure and tibial acceleration while walking in defence boots

Condition

Mean (SD)

Peak pressure (kPa)

 

Maximum force (N)

Mean (SD)

Contact area (cm2)

% change

Effect size (d)

P-value

Mean (SD)

% change

Effect size (d)

P-value

% change

Effect size (d)

P-value

Rearfoot

Boot only (control)

214.1 (40.0)

n/a

n/a

n/a

545.3 (117.7)

n/a

n/a

n/a

43.5 (6.2)

n/a

n/a

n/a

Flat insole

213.9 (38.1)

0

−0.01

0.953

554.9 (126.6)

+2

0.08

0.193

43.5 (6.1)

0

0.00

0.971

Foot orthosis

172.5 (37.9)

−19

−1.07

<0.001*#

497.9 (116.6)

−9

−0.40

 < 0.001*#

43.9 (6.2)

 + 1

0.06

0.010*#

Medial midfoot

Boot only (control)

93.3 (42.4)

n/a

n/a

n/a

14.2 (10.1)†

n/a

n/a

n/a

4.0 (2.3)

n/a

n/a

n/a

Flat insole

108.4 (49.1)

+16

0.33

0.016*

19.6 (11.3)†

+38

0.50

<0.001*

5.3 (3.1)

+33

0.48

0.002*

Foot orthosis

128.1 (57.1)

+37

0.69

<0.001*#

47.4 (15.9)†

+334

2.49

<0.001*#

14.7 (3.4)

+368

3.69

<0.001*#

Lateral midfoot

Boot only (control)

115.8 (29.0)†

n/a

n/a

n/a

115.1 (31.5)

n/a

n/a

n/a

28.3 (3.4)

n/a

n/a

n/a

Flat insole

115.9 (31.6)†

0

0.00

0.865

125.5 (44.2)

+9

0.27

0.014*

27.7 (5.7)

−2

−0.13

0.330

Foot orthosis

113.9 (32.1)†

−2

−0.06

0.508

143.9 (43.2)

+25

0.76

<0.001*#

31.6 (4.4)

+12

0.84

<0.001*#

Medial forefoot

Boot only (control)

253.9 (58.5)

n/a

n/a

n/a

218.3 (65.2)

n/a

n/a

n/a

17.2 (2.6)

n/a

n/a

n/a

Flat insole

271.5 (73.2)

+7

0.27

0.033

237.6 (74.1)

+9

0.28

<0.001*

17.6 (2.6)

+2

0.15

0.058

Foot orthosis

279.6 (88.8)

+10

0.34

0.042

230.7 (72.9)

+6

0.18

0.017*

17.6 (2.6)

+2

0.15

0.038

Lateral forefoot

Boot only (control)

249.5 (62.8)†

n/a

n/a

n/a

371.5 (99.5)

n/a

n/a

n/a

33.9 (4.9)

n/a

n/a

n/a

Flat insole

241.3 (53.4)†

−3

−0.14

0.127

392.2 (101.0)

+6

0.21

0.001*

34.6 (4.9)

+2

0.14

0.012*

Foot orthosis

238.8 (63.1)†

−4

−0.17

0.047

377.6 (109.6)

+2

0.06

0.449#

34.4 (4.8)

+1

0.10

0.038*

Hallux

Boot only (control)

295.2 (117.4)

n/a

n/a

n/a

113.6 (49.3)

n/a

n/a

n/a

7.4 (1.3)

n/a

n/a

n/a

Flat insole

298.4 (90.4)

+1

0.03

0.774

123.9 (46.8)

+9

0.21

0.004*

7.6 (1.6)

+3

0.14

0.438

Foot orthosis

322.4 (105.8)

+9

0.24

0.026*#

121.8 (48.4)

+7

0.17

0.034*

7.4 (1.5)

0

0.00

0.888

  1. Note: % change is relative to the boot only-control condition. †Data transformed prior to determining significance. *Mean differences significant at the 0.05 level compared to the boot only condition. #Mean differences significant at the 0.05 level compared to the flat insole condition.
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