Table 2 Facial metrics prior to aggression, during aggression and during retreat from aggression. Values are LSmeans with SEM.

From: Facial expression as a potential measure of both intent and emotion

Facial metrics

Pre-agonistic

Aggression

Retreat

Test statistics

Eye ratio

1.07 ± 0.04a

1.02 ± 0.03a

0.98 ± 0.03b

F2,497 = 4.91; P = 0.008

Snout ratio

2.08 ± 0.06a

2.16 ± 0.05a

2.17 ± 0.05a

F2,535 = 1.39; P = 0.25

Ear angle (in degrees °)

85.6 ± 4.13a

88.3 ± 3.72ab

93.6 ± 3.72c

F2,472 = 5.94; P = 0.003

  1. a,b,cLetters lacking a common superscript differ by P < 0.05.
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