Table 1 Unadjusted mean haemoglobin levels according to demographic and behavioural variables, H. pylori sero-prevalence and atrophic gastritis by sex*.

	N	Men	P	N	Women	P
	N	Mean haemoglobin (SD)	P	N	Mean haemoglobin (SD)	P
Population			0.11			<0.001
Jews	348	15.1 (1.5)		306	13.3 (1.2)
Arabs	498	15.0 (1.4)		439	12.7 (1.3)
Age (years)			<0.001^†			0.005^†
25–44	297	15.4 (1.4)		234	12.7 (1.2)
45–64	358	15.1 (1.3)		337	13.0 (1.3)
65–78	191	14.4 (1.5)		174	13.0 (1.4)
Education			0.2^†			0.013^†
Some high school or less	430	15.1 (1.5)		418	12.8 (1.3)
High school certificate/some college	200	14.9 (1.5)		166	12.9 (1.3)
Academic education	211	15.1 (1.4)		160	13.2 (1.2)
Smoking			<0.001			0.03
Regular smoking ≥1 cigarette/ day	290	15.4 (1.3)		75	13.2 (1.4)
Other	550	14.9 (1.5)		663	12.9 (1.3)
Obesity			0.9			0.3
BMI <30 kg/m²	615	15.0 (1.5)		404	13.0 (1.3)
BMI ≥30 kg/m²	228	15.0 (1.4)		341	12.9 (1.2)
H. *pylori* IgG sero-status			0.6^†			0.012^†
Negative	217	15.0 (1.6)		189	12.9 (1.3)
H. pylori positive CagA negative	388	15.1 (1.5)		333	13.0 (1.2)
H. pylori positive CagA positive	241	15.0 (1.3)		223	12.7 (1.4)
Atrophic gastritis: PGI <30 μg/L or PGI: PGII <3.0			0.037			0.052
No	790	15.0 (1.4)		671	13.0 (1.2)
yes	52	14.6 (1.7)		71	12.5 (1.7)

^*BMI: body mass index, CagA: cytotoxin associated gene A; kg: kilogram, m: meters, PG: pepsinogen, SD: standard deviation.
^†P value for the difference between the groups by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Pair comparisons by Tukey HSD Post-hoc Test – Men:
Age group: 25–44 vs 45–64 years P = 0.03; age group 24–44 vs 65–78 years P < 0.001; age group 45–64 vs 65–78 years P < 0.001.
Education: Some high school or less vs high school certificate/some college P = 0.37; some high school or less vs academic education P = 0.86, high school certificate/some college vs academic education P = 0.27. H. pylori sero-status: Negative vs H. pylori positive CagA negative P = 0.7; negative vs H. pylori positive CagA positive P = 0.9; H. pylori positive CagA negative vs H. pylori positive CagA positive P = 0.6.
Pair comparisons by Tukey HSD Post-hoc Test – Women:
Age group: 25–44 vs 45–64 years P = 0.004; age group 24–44 vs 65–78 years P = 0.026; age group 45–64 vs 65–78 years P = 0.9.
Education: Some high school or less vs high school certificate/some college P = 0.6; some high school or less vs academic education P = 0.011, some high school or less vs academic education P = 0.2. H. pylori sero-status: Negative vs H. pylori positive CagA negative P = 0.5; negative vs H. pylori positive CagA positive P = 0.2; H. pylori positive CagA negative vs H. pylori positive CagA positive P = 0.009.

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