Table 3 Total contents of different macro- and micro-elements (mg g⁻¹ of leaf DW) in harvested leaf and Cardenolides accumulations in Digitalis purpurea L. grown under a closed type plant factory with different LEDs Red (R), Blue (B), Fluorescent light (FL), and combined LEDs of red and blue light [RB (1:1, 8:2, and 2:8) respectively]. The data represents mean ± standard error. Data columns with different alphabets are significantly different according to Duncan’s multiple range test at p < 0.05.

7.629 ± 0.037d

2.159 ± 0.031e

42.923 ± 0.092c

5.747 ± 0.048b

1.605 ± 0.013b

0.034 ± 0.001d

0.014 ± 0.001bc

0.093 ± 0.001c

0.092 ± 0.002e

0.149 ± 0.001c

0.1033 ± 0.022c

0.059 ± 0.036bcd

7.803 ± 0.062c

2.516 ± 0.031c

44.778 ± 0.206b

5.857 ± 0.035b

1.225 ± 0.028d

0.041 ± 0.001b

0.011 ± 0.001de

0.070 ± 0.001e

0.100 ± 0.003d

0.150 ± 0.001c

0.313 ± 0.032b

0.100 ± 0.01b

9.759 ± 0.043b

2.745 ± 0.030b

50.645 ± 0.685a

7.148 ± 0.322a

1.445 ± 0.030c

0.036 ± 0.000c

0.016 ± 0.001b

0.106 ± 0.002b

0.117 ± 0.001c

0.162 ± 0.002b

0.233 ± 0.041b

0.018 ± 0.003d

9.614 ± 0.048b

2.320 ± 0.037d

43.469 ± 0.401c

6.974 ± 0.130a

1.245 ± 0.030d

0.032 ± 0.000e

0.012 ± 0.001 cd

0.084 ± 0.002d

0.126 ± 0.001b

0.131 ± 0.001d

0.283 ± 0.035b

0.053 ± 0.006 cd

7.333 ± 0.031e

2.410 ± 0.020d

39.644 ± 0.353d

4.960 ± 0.119c

1.313 ± 0.012d

0.028 ± 0.001 f

0.010 ± 0.001e

0.108 ± 0.001b

0.100 ± 0.001d

0.100 ± 0.002e

0.253 ± 0.050b

0.08 ± 0.026bc

11.741 ± 0.074a

3.243 ± 0.030a

43.476 ± 0.367c

7.280 ± 0.174a

1.720 ± 0.047a

0.043 ± 0.001a

0.024 ± 0.001a

0.201 ± 0.003a

0.143 ± 0.001a

0.169 ± 0.001a

0.427 ± 0.064a

0.16 ± 0.036a