Table 1 Differences between breast-fed (BF), SF (Standard Formula) and EF (Experimental Formula) fed infants previously reported in this cohort.
Baseline | Intervention period | Post-intervention | Ref | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 mon of age | 4 mon of age | 6 mon of age | 12 mon of age | |||
Growth parameters and clinical assessment | Weight-for-age, length-for-age, head circumference -for-age, BMI-for-age (z-score) | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
Growth velocity (weight and length) | (EF + SF) > BF | |||||
% body fat | NS | NS | ||||
Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||
Blood biochemical assessment | Plasma Insulin | (EF + SF) > BF | (EF + SF) > BF | (EF + SF) > BF | ||
Blood urea nitrogen | (EF + SF) > BF | (EF + SF) > BF | (EF + SF) > BF | |||
Total serum cholesterol | BF > SF, BF > EF | BF > EF > SF | BF > SF, EF > SF | NS | ||
Serum LDL: HDL | BF > SF, BF > EF | BF > SF, BF > EF | BF > SF, BF > EF | NS | ||
Serum triglyceride | NS | BF > EF > SF | NS | NS | ||
Serum Leptin | NS | |||||
Serum High-molecular-weight adiponectin | NS | |||||
Leptin: fat mass | BF > SF, BF > EF | |||||
Serum homocysteine | BF > EF, BF > SF | BF > EF | BF > EF, SF > EF | NS | ||
Inflammatory markers and immune development | Serum C-reactive protein | BF > EF, SF > EF | NS | |||
Serum IgG against pneumococci (serotypes 1, 5 and 14) | SF > EF | |||||
Fecal calprotectin | BF > EF, BF > SF | BF > EF, BF > SF | NS | |||
Bayley Scale of Infant and Toddler Development | Cognitive score | EF > SF | ||||
Motor score (fine motor) | BF > SF, BF > EF | |||||
Verbal score (receptive) | BF > SF, BF > EF | |||||
