Figure 1

Metabolic pathway for muconic acid production in Corynebacterium glutamicum. The red lines represent the engineered path, and the blue text represents disrupted genes. Dashed arrows indicate multiple enzyme reactions. PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; E4P, erythrose 4-phophate; DAHP, 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate; 3-DHQ, 3-dehydroquinate; 3-DHS, 3-dehydroshikimate; PCA, protocatechuate; CA, catechol, MA, muconic acid. Genes and coded enzymes: aroF and aroG, phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxyheptonate aldolase; aroB, DHQ synthase; qsuC, shikimate/quinate dehydratase; aroE, shikimate 5-dehydrogenase; qsuB, phosphate isomerase; pcaG/H, PCA deoxygenase α/β subunits; aroY^opt/kpdBD^opt, codon-optimized PCA decarboxylase and subunits; catA, CA 1,2-dioxygenase; catB, chloromuconate cycloisomerase.