Table 3 Summary of activity (nocturnal vs. diurnal) in adult R. marina from populations around the world. N = native, I = invasive.
From: Novel habitat causes a shift to diurnal activity in a nocturnal species
Location | N/I | Activity | Comment | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
American Samoa | I | nocturnal | Toads were collected 2–4 hours after sunset to allow foraging | Grant, 1996 |
Australia | I | Diurnal | Rehydrated in dams during the day | Webb et al., 2014 |
Australia | I | Both | Active by day at some sites and at night at other sites | Present study |
Australia | I | nocturnal | 90% nocturnal | Freeland & Kerin, 1991 |
Australia | I | nocturnal | Toads emerged at night and sheltered during the day | Seebacher & Alford 1999 |
Bermuda | I | nocturnal | Large numbers killed by cars at night | Wingate, 1965 |
Costa Rica | N | nocturnal | (cane) toads are nocturnal | Savage, 2005 |
Costa Rica | N | nocturnal | Active at night, shelter during the day | Zug, 1983 |
general | — | nocturnal | Cane toads are mainly nocturnal animals | Lever, 2001 |
Guadeloupe | I | (nocturnal) | Shelter during the day in caves, under limestone outcrops and fallen tree trunks, in road drains and gutters and beneath bridges | M. Breuil, pers. comm. In Lever, 2001 |
Hawaii | I | Both, mainly nocturnal | Toads feed anytime during day or night, but are most active after sunset | Pemberton, 1934 |
Hawaii | I | nocturnal | Low numbers of ‘nocturnal’ toads in stomachs of diurnal mongoose | Baldwin et al., 1952 |
Hawaii | I | nocturnal | Ubiquitous during the hours of darkness on roads | Wright, 1992 |
Montserrat | I | nocturnal | Cane toads forage almost exclusively at night | Blankenship, 1990 |
Palau | I | Diurnal | One individual active by day in low undergrowth near a swampy area | Crombie & Pregill, 1999 |
Panama | N | nocturnal | Toads feeding under lights at night | Brattstrom 1962 |
Panama | N | nocturnal | (cane) toads are predominantly nocturnal | Zug & Zug, 1979 |
Panama | N | Diurnal | preponderant activity was diurnal | Park et al., 1940 |
Philippines | I | (nocturnal) | Diurnal sheltering | Rabor, 1952 |
Puerto Rico | I | nocturnal | Toads hide during the day but appear in numbers at night | Grant, 1931 |
Puerto Rico | I | nocturnal | Movement to and from activity centers and rehydration sites at night | Carpenter & Gillingham, 1987 |
Puerto Rico | I | Diurnal | One individual rehydrated on a moist rotten log at midday | Carpenter & Gillingham, 1987 |
USA | I | Both | Nocturnal, except for a few instances of diurnal feeding and calling | Krakauer, 1968 |
