Table 1 Net snow masses on the entire bottom cold plate and \({{\rm{NO}}}_{3}^{-}\), \({{\rm{SO}}}_{4}^{2-}\) and Al3+ concentrations in the water obtained by the melted snow for the different cases: (a) without the aluminum target and with the aluminum target located at the (b) beginning, (c) middle, and (d) end of the filament.

From: Aluminum-target-assisted femtosecond-laser-filament-induced water condensation and snow formation in a cloud chamber

Cases Unit

Snow mass (g)

\({{\bf{NO}}}_{{\bf{3}}}^{{\boldsymbol{-}}}\) concentration (ppm)

\({\bf{s}}{{\bf{o}}}_{{\bf{4}}}^{{\bf{2}}{\boldsymbol{-}}}\) concentration (ppm)

Al3+ concentration (ppm)

(a)

1.8977 ± 0.1960

86.23 ± 2.67

0.76 ± 0.03

 

(b)

2.9344 ± 0.2776

38.36 ± 0.66

0.21 ± 0.01

21.58 ± 0.32

(c)

3.3271 ± 0.3954

42.23 ± 1.45

0.29 ± 0.04

24.39 ± 0.62

(d)

3.6910 ± 0.4818

64.00 ± 1.83

0.56 ± 0.06

18.44 ± 0.15

  1. The errors were obtained by the standard deviations.