Table 1 Clinical and laboratory parameters in the DHA-based multivitamin treatment and placebo group.
Anthropometry and general characteristics | DHA-based multivitamin group (n = 27) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline evaluation (T0) | Follow-up (T1) | |||||||||
Mean ± SD | Median | Interval (Min-Max) | P (vs. Placebo arm T0) | Mean ± SD | Median | Interval (Min-Max) | P (vs. DHA arm T0) | |||
Sex | 15/12 | |||||||||
Age (yrs) | 12.5 ± 2.4 | 12.5 | 9.0–17.0 | 0.06 | 13.5 ± 2.4 | 13.5 | 10.0–18.0 | 0.07 | ||
Height (m) | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.5 | 1.3–1.7 | 0.01 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.5 | 1.3–1.8 | 0.25 | ||
WC (cm) | 85.7 ± 7.3 | 86.5 | 70.0–101.0 | 0.06 | 89.0 ± 9.0 | 90.5 | 72.0–106.5 | 0.08 | ||
Weight (kg) | 64.3 ± 15.4 | 65.5 | 33.5–84.6 | 0.35 | 67.4 ± 14.9 | 67.7 | 37.3–94.5 | 0.23 | ||
BMI | 27.4 ± 3.6 | 29.0 | 19.8–32.8 | 0.25 | 27.2 ± 4.4 | 28.6 | 17.2–37.3 | 0.43 | ||
Laboratory parameters | ||||||||||
Tot. Ch (mg/dL) | 158.5 ± 29.7 | 152.5 | 116.0–257.0 | 0.46 | 155.6 ± 24.4 | 152.5 | 103.0–219.0 | 0.35 | ||
HDL (mg/dL) | 46.5 ± 7.6 | 47.5 | 34.0–65.0 | 0.40 | 46.1 ± 10.5 | 46.5 | 28.0–81.0 | 0.44 | ||
LDL (mg/dL) | 99.8 ± 27.0 | 95.0 | 30.0–156.0 | 0.36 | 93.2 ± 31.6 | 93.5 | 35.0–151.0 | 0.21 | ||
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 110.1 ± 50.7 | 110.5 | 35.0–224.0 | 0.10 | 111.7 ± 63.0 | 93.5 | 29.0–270.0 | 0.46 | ||
Uric Acid (mg/dL) | 5.5 ± 1.2 | 5.5 | 3.1–7.4 | 0.03 | 5.6 ± 1.5 | 5.8 | 3.3–9.8 | 0.37 | ||
AST (UI/L) | 30.8 ± 12.4 | 28.0 | 12.0–65.0 | 0.27 | 30.8 ± 18.1 | 25.0 | 17.0–85.0 | 0.50 | ||
ALT (UI/L) | 40.3 ± 26.2 | 35.0 | 17.0–135.0 | 0.14 | 32.8 ± 23.1 | 22.0 | 16.0–110.0 | 0.14 | ||
GGT (UI/L) | 17.9 ± 11.7 | 14.5 | 6.0–65.0 | 0.32 | 21.1 ± 15.3 | 17.0 | 6.0–79.0 | 0.20 | ||
Blood glucose (mg/dL) | 84.8 ± 7.4 | 84.0 | 71.0–102.0 | 0.25 | 83.7 ± 10.5 | 84.0 | 67.0–122.0 | 0.33 | ||
Insulin (mU/L) | 22.5 ± 21.1 | 16.5 | 0.4–104.4 | 0.45 | 17.8 ± 11.5 | 16.0 | 6.3–65.4 | 0.16 | ||
HOMA index | 4.7 ± 4.3 | 3.7 | 0.1–20.6 | 0.47 | 3.6 ± 2.1 | 3.3 | 1.2–12.3 | 0.12 | ||
Choline (μM)* | 9.6 ± 6.6 | 6.2 | 3.1–23.6 | 0.09 | 8.9 ± 4.9 | 7.3 | 3.8–19.8 | 0.74 | ||
Vitamin D (ng/ml)^ | 14.3 ± 5.6 | 16.5 | 1.8–20.0 | 0.13 | 22.56.1 | 21.5 | 14.7–34.5 | 0.00 | ||
US and NAS | ||||||||||
US | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 3.0 | 1.04.0 | 0.00 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 0.00 |
NAS | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 5.0 | 2.0–6.0 | 0.49 | 2.7 | 1.5 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 5.0 | 0.00 |
Anthropometry and general characteristics | Placebo group (n = 15) | |||||||||
Baseline evaluation (T0) | Follow-up (T1) | |||||||||
Mean ± SD | Median | Interval (Min-Max) | Mean ± SD | Median | Interval (Min–Max) | P (vs. Placebo arm T0) | ||||
Sex | 8/7 | |||||||||
Age (yrs) | 13.7 ± 2.1 | 13.0 | 10.0–17.0 | 14.7 ± 2.1 | 14.0 | 11.0–18.0 | 0.10 | |||
Height (m) | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.6 | 1.5–1.7 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.6 | 1.5–1.7 | 0.50 | |||
WC (cm) | 90.1 ± 10.1 | 92.0 | 69.0–109.0 | 89.1 ± 9.9 | 90.0 | 69.0–109.0 | 0.39 | |||
Weight (kg) | 66.4 ± 15.9 | 68.5 | 35.3–85.5 | 66.5 ± 16.1 | 68.5 | 35.3–85.0 | 0.49 | |||
BMI | 28.4 ± 5.6 | 28.9 | 20.3–43.7 | 28.2 ± 5.5 | 28.9 | 20.3–43.7 | 0.45 | |||
Laboratory parameters | ||||||||||
Tot. Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 157.5 ± 31.8 | 151.0 | 125.0–257.0 | 146.7 ± 16.9 | 142.0 | 125.0–177.0 | 0.13 | |||
HDL (mg/dL) | 45.9 ± 7.0 | 47.0 | 36.0–62.0 | 48.4 ± 7.1 | 48.0 | 39.0–69.0 | 0.17 | |||
LDL (mg/dL) | 103.5 ± 39.5 | 94.0 | 51.0–196.0 | 92.9 ± 31.2 | 93.0 | 53.0–189.0 | 0.21 | |||
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 88.9 ± 47.1 | 80.0 | 35.0–192.0 | 81.4 ± 35.7 | 69.0 | 44.0–170.0 | 0.31 | |||
Uric Acid (mg/dL) | 6.9 ± 3.5 | 5.6 | 3.6–15.0 | 6.9 ± 3.5 | 5.6 | 3.6–15.0 | 0.50 | |||
AST (UI/L) | 34.0 ± 21.5 | 25.0 | 14.0–102.0 | 37.3 ± 42.7 | 24.0 | 18.0–189.0 | 0.39 | |||
ALT (UI/L) | 55.6 ± 60.2 | 25.0 | 17.0–246.0 | 32.9 ± 18.0 | 29.0 | 16.0–79.0 | 0.09 | |||
GGT (UI/L) | 19.8 ± 14.0 | 17.0 | 10.0–68.0 | 20.5 ± 10.1 | 18.0 | 12.0–51.0 | 0.44 | |||
Blood glucose (mg/dL) | 83.1 ± 7.9 | 80.0 | 73.0–99.0 | 81.0 ± 7.1 | 79.0 | 71.0–94.0 | 0.23 | |||
Insulin (mU/L) | 23.3 ± 16.8 | 17.7 | 7.3–60.4 | 21.6 ± 13.5 | 15.5 | 11.5–59.8 | 0.38 | |||
HOMA index | 4.8 ± 3.6 | 3.6 | 1.6–13.6 | 4.3 ± 2.8 | 3.5 | 2.2–12.8 | 0.34 | |||
Choline (μM)* | 6.4 ± 3.8 | 4.9 | 2.6-0.4 | 7.5 ± 4.1 | 6.3 | 3.0–20.4 | 0.04 | |||
Vitamin D (ng/ml)^ | 13.9 ± 2.9 | 13.9 | 9.1–18.2 | 14.2 ± 2.6 | 13.9 | 11.0–18.1 | 0.42 | |||
US and NAS | ||||||||||
US | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 2.0 | 1.0–3.0 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.0–2.5 | 0.02 | |||
NAS | 4.5 ± 1.4 | 5.0 | 2.0–7.0 | 4.2 ± 1.1 | 4.0 | 2.0–6.0 | 0.28 | |||
