Table 5 Model descriptions.

ECHAM6-HAM2^52,53

T63 1.8° × 1.8° L31

Climatological monthly varying fixed-SST and sea ice extent averaged for the period 1979 to 2008.

EMEP/MSC-W⁵⁴

0.5° × 0.5° L20

2010 meteorology, 3 hourly ECMWF based

GISS^55,56

2.0° × 2.5° L40

2000 climatological monthly varying fixed-SSTs and sea-ice

NorESM1^57,58,59

1.9° × 2.5° L26

Climatological monthly varying fixed SSTs and sea ice extent over the 1990–2013 period

OsloCTM2^60,61

T42 2.8° × 2.8° L60

2010 meteorology, 3 hourly ECMWF based

SPRINTARS^62,63

1.125° × 1.125° L56

Climatological monthly varying fixed SSTs and sea ice extent over the 1988–1992 period