Figure 1
Sleep restriction in the rotenone model of PD. (A) Group distribution and timeline diagram. Colours are representative of groups throughout the results. SR = Sleep Restriction; REB = Rebound sleep; SHAM = vehicle; ROT = rotenone; SHAM-CT = sham control for SR (blue); ROT-CT = rotenone control for SR (orange); SHAM-SR = vehicle SR (green); ROT-SR = rotenone SR (red); SHAM-REB = SHAM-SR after 15 days of REB (yellow); ROT-REB = ROT-SR after 15 days of REB (purple); ORT = Object Recognition Task; OF = Open Field. (B) Representative immunohistochemistry labelling of TH-ir neurons at the end of SR for SHAM-CT, ROT-CT, SHAM-SR and ROT-SR. (C) Percentage of TH-ir expressing neurons in the SNpc in relation to the SHAM-CT group. Individual data are shown as a scatter plot with bar of mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM), n = 4 per group for CT (SHAM-CT and ROT-CT) and n = 5 per group for SR (SHAM-SR and ROT-SR). ****P ≤ 0.0001 sham compared to rotenone treated (two-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD test). (D) Locomotion parameter obtained from the open field test. Individual data (cm) are shown as a scatter plot with bar of mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05; **P ≤ 0.01 (two-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD test). n = 24 SHAM-CT; n = 46 SHAM-SR; n = 20 ROT-CT; n = 41 ROT-SR. (E) Exploration index (ΔNF–F). Bars represent the mean (±SEM) time exploring objects (s). *P < 0.05 (two-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD test). ORT 1 = First test, before SR; ORT 2 = second test (SR = 7 days); ORT 3 = third test (SR = 14 days); ORT 4 = fourth test (SR = 21 days). n = 24 SHAM-CT; n = 24 SHAM-SR; n = 20 ROT-CT; n = 20 ROT-SR. NF = non-familiar object; F = familiar object. (F) Learning curve comparing SHAM-CT and ROT-SR during the SR protocol. Time exploring objects (ΔNF–F) values (s) are expressed as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05; **P ≤ 0.01 (one-way repeated-measures ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD test). n = 24 SHAM-CT; n = 20 ROT-SR.
