Table 5 Isotherm parameters on the adsorption of the selected Heavy Metals by P-CNTs.

Isotherm models	Fe	Ni	Cd	Pb	Cu	Zn	Cr	As
Langmuir
a_L	312.50	10.09	66.67	−625	21.65	28.90	98.04	−50000
b_L	2.31	−0.02	−11.06	−117.25	−0.004	0.1214	−0.39	−605
Q₀	135.14	−625	−6.03	5.33	−5000	238.10	−250	82.65
R_L	0.0034	−1.40	−0.03	−0.002	1.7313	0.0468	−0.03	−0.002
R²	0.0027	0.4155	0.1501	0.0074	0.4606	0.2226	0.2494	0.0074
Freundlich
K_f	160.33	5.10	189103	3.66	23.12	154.10	205.35	87.68
1/n_f	−0.045	1.388	3.257	−0.277	1.008	0.068	2.223	−0.200
n_f	−22.37	0.72	0.31	−3.61	0.99	14.77	0.45	−5.01
R²	0.0197	0.7078	0.3710	0.2291	0.6514	0.0350	0.5005	0.7094
Temkin
B_T	−2.06	345.86	31.00	−2.18	241.96	12.92	480.31	−32.89
b_T	−1101	6.56	73.23	−1040	9.38	175.70	4.73	−69.00
A_T	3 × 10⁻³²	0.1401	30.3994	0.1759	0.3109	181441	1.6833	0.0590
R²	0.0021	0.7904	0.5838	0.0930	0.8191	0.0268	0.7065	0.8767
D-R
K_ads	−4 × 10⁻⁶	−3 × 10⁻⁵	−1 × 10⁻⁷	9 × 10⁻⁹	−1 × 10⁻⁵	−3 × 10⁻⁵	−5 × 10⁻⁷	6 × 10⁻⁹
q_s	145.27	536.20	1398.42	5.15	467.41	230.81	798.23	87.68
R²	0.0678	0.5827	0.3581	0.181	0.6392	0.3176	0.4434	0.7094

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