Table 2 Membrane synthesis with various silver nanoparticles loadings.
NP % | Polymer | Significant Findings | Leaching | Flux and rejection% enhancement | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 × 10−3, 1 × 10−2, 1 × 10−1 mol/dm3 | PES hollow fibre; (30 kDa; 150 kDa) grafted with acrylamide | Exhibited improved organic antifouling properties with BSA solution and antibacterial properties with E. coli | NA | -25% enhancement in pure water flux, -40% better BSA rejection | |
0.25, 0.5, 1.0% w/w | PSf (22 kDa), 18% w/w; PVP 2% w/w | Improved the protein (BSA) and carbohydrate (dextran) filtration performances as well as biofouling performance with real activated sludge filtration | Investigated using ICP, membrane showed silver leaching | -12% enhancement for 0.25% -58% decreased in pure water flux for 1% due to agglomeration | |
Biogenic nano-silver, (Bio-Ag0-6), 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0 wt% | PES UF membrane | Improved the water permeability and fouling for BSA solution; Excellent antibacterial activity of membrane towards Escherichia coli & Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Investigated using ICPMS, membrane showed silver leaching | -75% enhancement in pure water flux for 1% of Bio-Ag0, -agglomeration was reduced | |
Biogenic AgNPs, (Bio-Ag0-6); Chemical AgNPs, (10 g/L) | PSf 17.5 wt%; Thin film composite NF membrane; PVP 0.5 wt% | Enhanced the hydrophilicity and water flux, while maintaining good salt rejection (Na2SO4); Effective biocide agent to mitigate TFC membrane biofouling | Investigated using ICPMS, membrane showed silver leaching | -40% enhancement in pure water flux | |
Ag+ ion, (5, 20, 40 mM) | PSf UF membrane; immobilized with polydopamine (PDA) | High permeation flux; better antifouling performance with BSA filtration; high antibacterial property for E. coli & B. subtilis. | NA | -36% enhancement in pure water flux, −10% enhancement for BSA rejection | |
0.1 M AgNO3 | Polyimide (Torlon 4000 T polyamide-imide); 8 wt% | Superior performance of antifouling effect with BSA; inhibitory and biocidal properties against E. coli or S. aureus | Investigated using atomic adsorption spectrometer, showed silver leaching | -decreased in pure water flux | |
0.05 w/v% in TMC/hexane | PSF 15 wt%; thin-film nano-templated (PDA) composite NF membrane | Enhanced the separation performance (doubled water permeability, increased salt rejection to NaCl & MgSO4, enhanced NaCl/MgSO4 selectivity) and antimicrobial properties on B. subtilis & E. coli | Investigated using inductive coupled plasma optical, emission spectrometer, membranes showed silver leaching, | -110% enhancement in pure water flux, -Agglomeration of silver nanoparticles was observed | |
0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 wt% Ag | PVC 17 wt%; hollow fibre UF membrane | Enhanced antifouling properties and COD removal (influent wastewater from the pharmaceutical company) with good antibacterial properties (E. coli); suitable application in industrial MBR | NA | -423% enhancement in pure water flux, -30% better COD removal | |
0.1 To 4% Ag, 70 nm, 0.1 to 4% Ag 30 nm | PSF 16% PVP 4%, flat sheet UF membrane | Effect Ag nanoparticle size on properties of the membrane was investigated. Pore size, hydrophilicity and flux of PS membrane was influenced by size of the Ag nano particles. In general, Ag with size of 30 nm showed better results. Membranes showed improved rejection of BSA | Investigated using atomic adsorption spectrometer, Silver with smaller size leached out faster | -150% enhancement in pure water flux for Ag with 30 nm, -100% enhancement in pure water flux for Ag with 70 nm, -30 and 25% better BSA rejection respectively | |
0.22 wt% Ag | 15% PSf, 10% PVP, flat sheet UF membrane | antimicrobial activity against E. coli K12 and P. Mendocino KR1, and improvement in virus removal, Enhancement in terms of hydrophilicity and flux | Proved using ICPMS and TEM, membrane showed silver leaching | -30% enhancement in pure water flux | |
Ag-GO, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1 wt% | PSF, 18 wt% flat sheet UF membrane | This study adopted Ag-GO nanoparticles for the fabrication of the membrane for the first time. Anti-microbial test against E. coli showed that the membranes has a great resistance against bacterial growth. | NA | -55% enhancement in pure water flux Contact angle 38% enhancement), -12% Porosity enhancement (50 to 62%), -BSA rejection (>90%) | |
Ag-GO, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 wt% | PES, 18 wt% flat sheet UF membrane | The fabricated had relatively low protein adsorption and enhanced irreversible fouling. And showed acceptable inhibition zone against, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. | NA | -Flux (98% enhancement), -Contact angle (17% enhancement), -Porosity (10% enhancement), -BSA rejection (>98%) | |
Ag-GO, 0.1, 0.5, 1 wt% | PES, 20 wt% flat sheet UF membrane | PES with 0.1wt.% of Ag-GO, | NA | -Flux (115% enhancement), -Contact angle (6% enhancement), -Dye rejection: Direct Red 16 (>98%) | |
Zn-rGO, 0.4 wt%, And 0.4 wt Zn NP | PVDF 18 wt% of PVDF flat sheet membrane with pure ZnO nanoparticles and ZnO-rGO nanoplates | Effect of ZnO-rGO particles decoration on stability of the mixed matrix membranes was investigated by the authors. the permeate flux of the membranes embedded with pure ZnO nanoparticles showed 7 ppb of zinc leaching for the first 3 hours of filtration, on the other hand, no Zn element was detected in the permeate flux of the membrane embedded with Zn-rGO. Providing hard evidence that decoration of metal nanoparticles on of GO prevent or delays leaching. | Investigated using ICP, no trace of nanoparticles was found after decoration on GO. | -61% of permeation flux increment, -32% BSA rejection enhancement and flux recovery ratio of 48%. -Acceptable antibacterial against E. coli |
